Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a widespread condition caused by two closely related viruses: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 commonly causes oral herpes (cold sores), while HSV-2 typically causes genital herpes, although both types can infect either location.

After initial infection, HSV establishes latency in nerve cells and remains in the body for life. Periodic reactivation can lead to recurrent symptoms or asymptomatic viral shedding.

Most people with HSV infection experience:

• No symptoms

• Mild, occasional outbreaks

• Unrecognized infection

When symptoms occur, they may include blisters, ulcers, tingling sensations, and localized pain.

HSV is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin or mucosal contact. It is most contagious during active outbreaks but can still spread without visible symptoms.

Diagnosis is typically made through:

• PCR testing of active lesions

• Type-specific IgG antibody testing (for past exposure)

Management focuses on symptom control and reducing transmission risk. Antiviral medications are effective and widely used.