Oral Herpes (Herpes Labialis)

Oral herpes (herpes labialis) is one of the most common viral infections worldwide, primarily caused by HSV-1. After initial exposure, the virus remains dormant in nerve cells and can reactivate periodically, leading to cold sores.

Typical symptoms include tingling, burning, or itching around the lips followed by fluid-filled blisters that crust over and heal within 7–10 days. Many individuals never experience symptoms, despite carrying the virus.

Outbreaks are often triggered by stress, illness, fatigue, sun exposure, or immune suppression. The first episode may be more severe and can include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and painful oral lesions.

Oral herpes is highly contagious during active outbreaks and spreads through direct contact, such as kissing or sharing utensils. However, transmission risk is low when no sores are present.

Treatment includes antiviral medications such as acyclovir or valacyclovir, which can shorten outbreak duration and reduce severity. Most cases are mild and do not require ongoing treatment.