Sources:
Found in water, air, soil, cigarettes, and cosmetics. Food grown in contaminated water sources, such as rice and vegetables, or fish, are a common source. Major sources of occupational exposureis the manufacture of pesticides, herbicides, and agricultural products.
90% of all arsenic produced is used as a preservative for wood to prevent rotting and decay. Copper chromated arsenate (CCA), also known as pressure-treated wood, wasphased out for residential use in 2003, but wood treated prior could still be in existing structures. CCA-treated wood is still used in industrial applications.
Organic arsenic found in seafood is relatively nontoxic, while the inorganic forms are toxic.
Nutrient interactions:
Folate, SAM, vitamin B12, and choline are needed to optimize methylation. Arsenic is metabolized by a series of methylation reactions to dimethylarsenic and methylarsonic acids. There are some highly reactive intermediates in its trivalent form which are toxic.
Magnesium may have protective effects against As toxicity, and Zinc may increase As excretion.
Vitamin C, α-tocopherol, flavonoids, altering Fe, magnesium, and calcium polyphenols, and selenium have been homeostasis, causing oxidative stress. shown to decrease arsenic-induced toxicity.
References:
- Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ. Vitamin D, Essential Minerals, and Toxic Elements: Exploring Interactions between Nutrients and Toxicants in Clinical Medicine. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015;2015:318595-318595.
- Mailloux RJ, Lemire J, Appanna VD. Hepatic response to aluminum toxicity: dyslipidemia and liver diseases. Exp Cell Res. 2011;317(16):2231-2238.
- Chung J-Y, Yu S-D, Hong Y-S. Environmental source of arsenic exposure. J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(5):253-257.
- Goyer RA, Clarkson TW. Toxic effects of metals. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 1996;5:696-698.
- ATSDR. Public Health Statement for Arsenic. Toxic Substances Portal 2020; https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/PHS/PHS. asp?id=18&tid=3, 2020.
- Vahter ME. Interactions between Arsenic-Induced Toxicity and Nutrition in Early Life. J Nutr. 2007;137(12):2798-2804.
- Hong Y-S, Song K-H, Chung J-Y. Health effects of chronic arsenic exposure. J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(5):245-252.
- Council NR. Arsenic in drinking water. National Academies Press; 1999.
- Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment Paul B Tchounwou. Published in final edited form as: EXS. 2012;3:133-164.
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PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS:
The absorption rate of arsenic in the G.I. tract is 90%.
(The arsenic compounds of low solubility are not absorbed as efficiently.)
As binds to red blood cells and deposits in the liver, kidneys, muscle, phone, hair, skin, and nails
It is excreted mainly through urine, with 50 to 80% excreted within three days.
Most of the arsenic in blood is rapidly cleared within hours. It is not possible to distinguish organic from inorganic arsenic in urine or blood.
Impairs cellular respiration by inhibiting mitochondrial enzymes, and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
Reacts with protein sulfhydryl groups, producing inhibition in the oxidation of pyruvate and beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
Inhibits DNA repair and induces chromosomal aberrations.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Increased risk of cancer (skin, lung, bladder, liver, prostate.)
Associated with neurobehavioral changes, memory, intellectual function abnormalities, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, reproductive effects, skin hyperpigmentation, peripheral neuropathy, respiratory, irritation, nausea, and hematologic effects.
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% Omega-3s, % Omega-6s, % Omega-9s, % Saturated Fats, 1-Methylhistidine, 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid, 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid, 3-Methyl-4-OH-phenylglycol, 3-Methylhistidine, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 5-OH-indoleacetic Acid, 8-OHdG (urine), a-Amino-N-butyric Acid, a-Aminoadipic Acid, a-Hydroxybutyric Acid, a-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid (from MTBE), a-Keto-b-Methylvaleric Acid, a-Ketoadipic Acid, a-Ketoglutaric Acid, a-Ketoisocaproic Acid, a-Ketoisovaleric Acid, a-Ketophenylacetic Acid (from Styrene), a-Linolenic (ALA) 18:3 n3, AA / EPA (20:4 n6 / 20:5 n3), Adipic Acid, Alanine, Aluminum, Anserine (dipeptide), Antimony, Arachidic C20:0, Arachidonic (AA) 20:4 n6, Arginine, Arsenic, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, b-Alanine, b-Aminoisobutyric Acid, b-OH-b-Methylglutaric Acid, b-OH-Butyric Acid, Barium, Behenic C22:0, Benzoic Acid, Bismuth, Cadmium, Calcium, Carnosine (dipeptide), Cesium, Chromium, cis-Aconitic Acid, Citramalic Acid, Citric Acid, Citrulline, Cobalt, Copper, Creatinine, Creatinine Concentration (Amino Acids FMV), Cystathionine, Cysteine, Cystine, D-Arabinitol, Dihomo-g-linolenic (DGLA) 20:3 n6, Dihydroxyphenylpropionic Acid (DHPPA), Docosahexaenoic (DHA) 22:6 n3, Docosapentaenoic (DPA) 22:5 n3, Docosatetraenoic (DTA) 22:4 n6, Eicosadienoic 20:2 n6, Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) 20:5 n3, Elaidic 18:1 n9t, Ethanolamine, Formiminoglutamic Acid (FIGlu), g-Aminobutyric Acid, g-Linolenic (GLA) 18:3 n6, Gadolinium, Gallium, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glutaric Acid, Glyceric Acid, Glycine, Glycolic Acid, Hippuric Acid, Histidine, Homovanillic Acid, Indoleacetic Acid, Iron, Isocitric Acid, Isoleucine, Isovalerylglycine, Kynurenic / Quinolinic Ratio, Kynurenic Acid, Lactic Acid, Lead, Leucine, Lignoceric C24:0, Linoleic (LA) 18:2 n6, Linoleic / DGLA (18:2 n6 / 20:3 n6), Lipid Peroxides (urine), Lithium, Lysine, Magnesium, Malic Acid, Manganese, Margaric C17:0, Mercury, Methionine, Methylmalonic Acid, Molybdenum, Nervonic 24:1 n9, Nickel, Niobium, Oleic 18:1 n9, Omega-3 Index, Omega-6s /Omega-3s, Ornithine, Orotic Acid, Oxalic Acid, Palmitic C16:0, Palmitoleic 16:1 n7, Pentadecanoic C15:0, Phenylacetic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphoethanolamine, Phosphoserine, Platinum, Potassium, Proline, Pyroglutamic Acid, Pyruvic Acid, Quinolinic Acid, Rubidium, Sarcosine, Selenium, Serine, Stearic C18:0, Strontium, Suberic Acid, Succinic Acid, Sulfur, Tartaric Acid, Taurine, Thallium, Thorium, Threonine, Tin, Tricosanoic C23:0, Tryptophan, Tungsten, Tyrosine, Uranium, Urea, Urine Creatinine, Vaccenic 18:1 n7, Valine, Vanadium, Vanilmandelic Acid, Xanthurenic Acid, Zinc