The presence of antibodies to Amaranth is an indication of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Amaranth is considered a beneficial food, especially for patients with cardiovascular disease and hypertension, due to its ability to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol.

Amaranth is also an excellent anti-oxidant. Amaranth labeled by the scientific community as a non-allergenic food, however, allergy to Amaranth has been reported. If a recently diagnosed gluten-reactive patient exhibits high levels of antibodies to Amaranth, it may be
due to the late introduction of Amaranth into the diet.

The IBD Expanded Panel test offers three novel markers:

- antichitobioside IgA (ACCA),

- antilaminaribioside IgG (ALCA),

- antimannobioside IgG (AMCA),

together with anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae IgG (gASCA) and pANCA.

Ammonia is a waste product naturally produced in the body. It primarily comes from the digestion of protein by bacteria in the intestines.

Ammonia is a waste product naturally produced in the body. It primarily comes from the digestion of protein by bacteria in the intestines.

Ammonia is a normal by-product of the microbial fermentation of amino acids, particularly glutamine. This process is carried out by various commensal bacteria, including Clostridia, Enterobacteria, Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Fusobacterium. In Gram-negative gut bacteria, ammonia plays a crucial role in nitrogen anabolism, which is necessary for producing essential compounds such as amino acids, NAD, pyrimidines, purines, and amino sugars. The production of ammonia by these bacteria is associated with three key enzymes: glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).

Ammonia measurements are mainly of use in the diagnosis of urea cycle deficiencies (any neonate with unexplained nausea, vomiting, or neurological deterioration appearing after first feeding), and they play an important part in the detection of Reye syndrome.

In Reye syndrome threefold increases in AST, ALT and plasma ammonia are required for diagnosis with/or the diagnostic liver biopsy findings. Ammonia levels increase characteristically early; plasma ammonia ≥100 μg/dL reflects severe hepatic changes.

In a urinalysis, the term "Amorphous Sediment" refers to a substance found in urine that lacks a defined shape under a microscope. The word "amorphous" literally means "without form" or "shapeless." When present in large amounts, this sediment typically consists of fine particles or crystals that do not have a clear, identifiable structure.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

Ampicillin, a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic, is part of the penicillin class and is commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, which is crucial for bacterial growth and survival. Ampicillin is effective against a range of Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria, making it a valuable tool in combating infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.

However, the concept of antibiotic sensitivities is critical when considering ampicillin's effectiveness. Antibiotic sensitivity refers to the susceptibility of bacteria to specific antibiotics, determined through laboratory testing. This testing is vital in guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy, ensuring that the prescribed antibiotic is effective against the bacteria causing the infection. Over time, many bacteria have developed resistance to ampicillin, primarily through the production of beta-lactamase enzymes that deactivate the antibiotic. This resistance has led to the need for antibiotic stewardship—careful and responsible management of antibiotic use to prevent the development of resistance.

Our bodies use amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates. Primarily the pancreas produces it, and unusual levels of amylase in the blood may point to a problem with the pancreas or the gynecological organs in women. An amylase test is often done along with a lipase test to assess pancreatic health.

Non-gluten proteins constitute about 25% of the total protein content of wheat cereal. Recently it has been shown that these non-gluten proteins are immune-reactive in individuals with wheat sensitivity. The 5 groups of non-gluten proteins which are distinctly different from the gluten proteins that are responsible for inflammation in patients with wheat sensitivity are serpins, purinins, farinins, amylase/protease inhibitors and globulins.

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing is used in the diagnostic evaluation of various autoimmune diseases, including connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren syndrome, and systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Initial testing for autoimmune connective tissue diseases (also referred to as systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, or SARDs) should include tests for C-reactive protein (CRP), ANAs, rheumatoid factor, and cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies.

If ANA results are positive, follow-up or confirmatory testing may be guided by the pattern(s) observed and/or the patient’s clinical presentation.

The ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) by IFA (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody) test with reflex to titer and pattern is a laboratory analysis used in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders.

This test detects antibodies that react against components within the nucleus of the body's cells. It's often one of the first tests ordered when a patient shows symptoms that may suggest an autoimmune condition like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or scleroderma.

An ANA test detects antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in your blood. Your immune system normally makes antibodies to help you fight infection. In contrast, antinuclear antibodies often attack your body's own tissues — specifically targeting each cell's nucleus.