Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a term primarily used to describe two chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Both are characterized by an abnormal response of the body's immune system. In IBD, the immune system mistakenly attacks the GI tract, leading to inflammation. The exact cause of this immune response is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors.
Crohn's Disease can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly affects the end of the small bowel (the ileum) and the beginning of the colon. It can affect the entire thickness of the bowel wall. In contrast, Ulcerative Colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and usually only affects the innermost lining of the bowel wall.
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic condition affecting the colon and rectum, marked by inflammation and ulceration of the colon's lining. It causes abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and urgent bowel movements. Differing from Crohn's Disease, UC usually affects the colon continuously. The cause is unclear, but it involves an abnormal immune response in genetically susceptible people. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, with surgery in severe cases. The severity of UC varies, significantly impacting quality of life.
Symptoms of IBD can vary but often include severe diarrhea, pain, fatigue, and weight loss. IBD can be debilitating and sometimes leads to life-threatening complications. While there is currently no cure, treatment options have evolved significantly. These include anti-inflammatory drugs, immune system suppressors, biologics targeting specific components of the immune system, and sometimes surgery. The goal of treatment is to reduce the inflammation that triggers the symptoms, thereby improving quality of life and preventing complications.
Recent research in IBD focuses on understanding the role of gut microbiota, genetic markers, and environmental factors in the development and progression of the disease. This research is critical as it paves the way for personalized medicine approaches, potentially allowing for treatments that are tailored to the individual characteristics of each patient's disease.
References:
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McDowell C, Farooq U, Haseeb M. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 2023 Aug 4. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 29262182. [L]
Tavakoli P, Vollmer-Conna U, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Grimm MC. A Review of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Model of Microbial, Immune and Neuropsychological Integration. Public Health Rev. 2021 May 5;42:1603990. doi: 10.3389/phrs.2021.1603990. PMID: 34692176; PMCID: PMC8386758. [L]
M'Koma AE. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment-Overview. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Apr 21;58(5):567. doi: 10.3390/medicina58050567. PMID: 35629984; PMCID: PMC9144337. [L]
Cai Z, Wang S, Li J. Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Dec 20;8:765474. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.765474. PMID: 34988090; PMCID: PMC8720971. [L]
Elhag DA, Kumar M, Saadaoui M, Akobeng AK, Al-Mudahka F, Elawad M, Al Khodor S. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatments and Predictive Biomarkers of Therapeutic Response. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jun 23;23(13):6966. doi: 10.3390/ijms23136966. PMID: 35805965; PMCID: PMC9266456. [L]
Ko JK, Auyeung KK. Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology, pathogenesis and current therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(7):1082-96. doi: 10.2174/13816128113199990416. PMID: 23782147. [L]
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Biomarkers related to this condition:
Atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) occur in most patients with ulcerative colitis but only in a minority of those with Crohn's disease.
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Fecal lactoferrin is a valuable biomarker measured in GI tests to assess inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a protein released by neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, during inflammation, making its presence in stool indicative of
Learn moreIL-18 (Interleukin-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates Th1 and natural killer (NK) cells, driving the release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and amplifying immune and inflammatory responses. While essential for fighting infections, p
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