Oral ingestion of pineapple (in any form) may induce IgE-mediated allergic reactions, such as OAS or even severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

Bromelain is a specific pineapple antigen. When assessed alone it is more sensitive than measuring antibodies against many pineapple proteins.

The PLAC test is used to determine Lp-PLA2 in serum or plasma.

Lp-PLA2 stands for Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2.

The test is used to determine your cardiovascular risk disease, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke associated with atherosclerosis. In recent years, a number of studies have been published pointing to Lp-PLA2 as a marker for determining cardiovascular risk.

Lp-PLA2 activity is to be used in conjunction with clinical evaluation and a risk assessment as an aid in predicting risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in people with no prior history of cardiovascular events.

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), also known as platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase, is an inflammatory enzyme that circulates bound mainly to low-density lipoproteins and has been found to be localized and enriched in atherosclerotic plaques. In multiple clinical trials, Lp-PLA2 activity has been shown to be an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke in the general population. Measurement of Lp-PLA2 may be used along with traditional cardiovascular risk factor measures for identifying individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular disease events. Clinical management may include beginning or intensifying risk reduction strategies.

Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is a unique biomarker among the alkaline phosphatase isozymes, with significant clinical and research implications. This enzyme is primarily produced by the placenta during pregnancy and has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from other ALP isozymes.

PLAP is encoded by the ALPP gene and is a membrane-associated sialoglycoprotein enzyme. It is expressed at high concentrations in syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta, particularly during the third trimester of gestation. PLAP exists as a homodimer anchored to the apical and basal plasma membranes of syncytiotrophoblasts.

Plasmablasts CD38+IgM- are short-lived, antibody-secreting cells that emerge from activated B cells during early immune responses. Characterized by high CD38 expression, absence of surface IgM, and variable CD138 expression, these cells are crucial for rapid production of antibodies such as IgG, IgA, or IgE, depending on prior class-switching. Plasmablasts originate from extrafollicular or early germinal center responses and serve as a bridge between early and late humoral immunity. Elevated levels are seen in acute infections, recent vaccinations, and autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while reduced levels are associated with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies and impaired B cell function. With their short lifespan and high antibody secretion rate, plasmablasts are key indicators of ongoing immune activity, making their assessment valuable for monitoring infections, autoimmune activity, and the effectiveness of B cell-targeted therapies.

Plasmablasts CD38+IgM- antibodies are immunoglobulins secreted by plasmablasts, a short-lived subset of antibody-secreting cells characterized by high CD38 expression and the absence of surface IgM. These antibodies, predominantly of the IgG, IgA, or IgE isotypes, are produced through class-switch recombination and play a critical role in the early phases of adaptive immunity, providing rapid defense against pathogens. Plasmablasts arise from extrafollicular responses or early germinal center reactions and serve as a bridge between innate immune responses and long-term humoral immunity established by plasma cells. Elevated levels of plasmablast-derived antibodies are associated with acute infections, recent vaccinations, autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and inflammatory conditions, while reduced levels may indicate immunodeficiencies or immunosuppression. These antibodies are also key contributors to mucosal immunity, particularly through IgA production. Measuring plasmablasts CD38+IgM- antibodies offers valuable insights into immune activation, antigen exposure, vaccination efficacy, and autoimmune processes, making them critical markers for immunological assessments and disease monitoring.

PAI-1 is a serine protein inhibitor that is secreted in response to inflammatory reactions.

PAI-1 is the main inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and, as such, plays an important role in the regulation of fibrinolysis.

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1) AG is useful to:

- aid in prognosis of occurrence or recurrence of thrombosis

- intentify heredity elevation or deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1.

- determine the risk for veno-occlusive disease associated with bone marrow transplantation.

- aid diagnosis of impaired fibrinolysis

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) Activity is a marker measured in a blood test that helps understand how easily your blood clots or dissolves clots, playing a crucial role in your body's ability to manage bleeding and healing. PAI-1 is a protein produced by various cells in your body, including those lining your blood vessels and fat cells. It acts as a natural brake in the clot-dissolving process; when its levels are within a normal range, it helps maintain a delicate balance between forming clots to stop bleeding and breaking them down to keep blood vessels clear and prevent blockages.

The Platelet Antibodies, Indirect (IgG, IgM, IgA) panel, featuring the Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgA) test, is a significant diagnostic asset in the realms of hematology and immunology, particularly for assessing conditions like thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and platelet dysfunction. The Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgA) component specifically measures the presence of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies that target platelets. These antibodies are crucial in diagnosing autoimmune conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia.

The Platelet Antibodies, Indirect (IgG, IgM, IgA) panel, featuring the Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgG) test, is a critical diagnostic tool in the field of hematology and immunology, particularly in the evaluation of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and platelet dysfunction disorders. The Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgG) test specifically measures the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that are directed against platelets. These antibodies play a significant role in various autoimmune conditions, where the body’s immune system mistakenly targets and destroys its own platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count.

The Platelet Antibodies, Indirect (IgG, IgM, IgA) panel, which includes the Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgM) test, is a crucial diagnostic tool in the realm of hematology and immunology, specifically for evaluating thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction disorders. The Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgM) test focuses on detecting the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies targeting platelets. These IgM antibodies are important in identifying autoimmune conditions and other disorders where the body's immune system erroneously attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to a reduced platelet count.