Plasmablasts CD38+IgM- are short-lived, antibody-secreting cells that emerge from activated B cells during early immune responses. Characterized by high CD38 expression, absence of surface IgM, and variable CD138 expression, these cells are crucial for rapid production of antibodies such as IgG, IgA, or IgE, depending on prior class-switching. Plasmablasts originate from extrafollicular or early germinal center responses and serve as a bridge between early and late humoral immunity. Elevated levels are seen in acute infections, recent vaccinations, and autoimmune conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while reduced levels are associated with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies and impaired B cell function. With their short lifespan and high antibody secretion rate, plasmablasts are key indicators of ongoing immune activity, making their assessment valuable for monitoring infections, autoimmune activity, and the effectiveness of B cell-targeted therapies.

Plasmablasts CD38+IgM- antibodies are immunoglobulins secreted by plasmablasts, a short-lived subset of antibody-secreting cells characterized by high CD38 expression and the absence of surface IgM. These antibodies, predominantly of the IgG, IgA, or IgE isotypes, are produced through class-switch recombination and play a critical role in the early phases of adaptive immunity, providing rapid defense against pathogens. Plasmablasts arise from extrafollicular responses or early germinal center reactions and serve as a bridge between innate immune responses and long-term humoral immunity established by plasma cells. Elevated levels of plasmablast-derived antibodies are associated with acute infections, recent vaccinations, autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and inflammatory conditions, while reduced levels may indicate immunodeficiencies or immunosuppression. These antibodies are also key contributors to mucosal immunity, particularly through IgA production. Measuring plasmablasts CD38+IgM- antibodies offers valuable insights into immune activation, antigen exposure, vaccination efficacy, and autoimmune processes, making them critical markers for immunological assessments and disease monitoring.

PAI-1 is a serine protein inhibitor that is secreted in response to inflammatory reactions.

PAI-1 is the main inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and, as such, plays an important role in the regulation of fibrinolysis.

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1) AG is useful to:

- aid in prognosis of occurrence or recurrence of thrombosis

- intentify heredity elevation or deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1.

- determine the risk for veno-occlusive disease associated with bone marrow transplantation.

- aid diagnosis of impaired fibrinolysis

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) Activity is a marker measured in a blood test that helps understand how easily your blood clots or dissolves clots, playing a crucial role in your body's ability to manage bleeding and healing. PAI-1 is a protein produced by various cells in your body, including those lining your blood vessels and fat cells. It acts as a natural brake in the clot-dissolving process; when its levels are within a normal range, it helps maintain a delicate balance between forming clots to stop bleeding and breaking them down to keep blood vessels clear and prevent blockages.

The Platelet Antibodies, Indirect (IgG, IgM, IgA) panel, featuring the Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgA) test, is a significant diagnostic asset in the realms of hematology and immunology, particularly for assessing conditions like thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and platelet dysfunction. The Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgA) component specifically measures the presence of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies that target platelets. These antibodies are crucial in diagnosing autoimmune conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia.

The Platelet Antibodies, Indirect (IgG, IgM, IgA) panel, featuring the Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgG) test, is a critical diagnostic tool in the field of hematology and immunology, particularly in the evaluation of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and platelet dysfunction disorders. The Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgG) test specifically measures the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that are directed against platelets. These antibodies play a significant role in various autoimmune conditions, where the body’s immune system mistakenly targets and destroys its own platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count.

The Platelet Antibodies, Indirect (IgG, IgM, IgA) panel, which includes the Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgM) test, is a crucial diagnostic tool in the realm of hematology and immunology, specifically for evaluating thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction disorders. The Platelet Ab, Indirect (IgM) test focuses on detecting the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies targeting platelets. These IgM antibodies are important in identifying autoimmune conditions and other disorders where the body's immune system erroneously attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to a reduced platelet count.

Other names: Platelets, Thrombocyte Count

What are platelets?

Platelets (aka thrombocytes) are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. 

Where are platelets made?

Platelets are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside our bones. Bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

What is the main function of platelets?

Platelets form clots when there’s damage to a blood vessel. For example, if you cut your finger, platelets mix with coagulation factors/clotting factors (proteins in the blood). Together, they form a “glue” that stops the bleeding.

This marker can give you additional information about your platelets and the cause of a high or low platelet count. Larger platelets are usually younger platelets that have been released earlier than normal from the bone marrow, while smaller platelets may be older and have been in circulation for a few days.

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Arterial Thrombosis
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

BODY TISSUE:

Cardiovascular and Endocrine

A Platelet Neutralization test in a blood test is a specialized laboratory test used to detect the presence of lupus anticoagulants (LAs), which are autoantibodies associated with blood clotting disorders such as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It is an essential component of the diagnostic process, but its interpretation requires consideration of other clinical and laboratory information.

Platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR) is defined as the percentage of platelets that exceed the normal value of platelet volume of 12 fL in the total platelet count.

Platelet size has been shown to reflect platelet activity; therefore MPV (=Mean Platelet Volume) and P-LCR are a simple and easy method of indirect assessment of platelet stimulation.

PCT is the volume occupied by platelets in the blood as a percentage and calculated according to the formula PCT = platelet count × MPV / 10,000 (25-27).

Platinum (Pt) is a nonessential element that is sometimes detected in hair. However, the clinical significance of hair Pt has not been well studied. Hair treatments may contribute to artifactual contamination of scalp hair.

Pt is poorly absorbed in the gut but may be absorbed via inhalation. Since it is a relatively rare element, most Pt exposures are of occupational origin.