Total Cytotoxic NK (Natural Killer) cells, identified by the CD16+ marker, represent a crucial component in the innate immune system, playing a significant role in the body's first line of defense against tumors and virally infected cells.

NK cells, characterized by their expression of the CD16 surface marker, are involved in the direct killing of target cells without the need for prior sensitization, distinguishing them from other lymphocytes that require antigen presentation. They are pivotal in controlling early responses to infection and malignancy through the release of cytolytic granules that induce apoptosis in target cells.

DHEA is often called the anti-aging hormone. It’s made in the adrenal glands naturally and levels hit their peak in your 20s. They start to dwindle after you hit 30. Estrogen and testosterone are created from DHEA.

Total estrogen is a reliable test for estrogen status and is used to detect hormone imbalances.

Estrogen is known as the “female” hormone. The four major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4).

Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens in females that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone, estradiol, and estriol. The estrane steroid estradiol is the most potent and prevalent of these. In addition to their role as natural hormones, estrogens are used as medications, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy and hormonal birth control.

Estrogen is known as the “female” hormone. The four major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4).

Although estrogen is identified with females, it is also found in men.

The marker "Total Estrogen Load" in a FU Female FMV Urine Comprehensive Hormone Panel is a critical measure for assessing the overall estrogenic activity in a woman's body. This comprehensive assessment quantifies the cumulative levels of estrogens, including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), over an entire menstrual cycle.

Estrogens are key hormones in female reproductive health, influencing menstrual cycle regulation, fertility, and secondary sexual characteristics. In a clinical setting, analyzing the total estrogen load is vital for diagnosing and managing conditions such as estrogen dominance, where there is an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone levels, often leading to symptoms like irregular menstrual cycles, fibrocystic breasts, mood swings, and weight gain.

Total estrogen is a reliable test for estrogen status and is used to detect hormone imbalances.

Estrogen is known as the “female” hormone. The four major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4).

The Fecal Fat test helps your doctor identify if you have pancreatic or intestinal disorders. It can also show that enzymes, which are prescribed are working in the case of known malabsorption disorders.

Since most of the dietary fat is composed of triglycerides, excess fecal triglyceride levels indicate incomplete fat hydrolysis (maldigestion). This is possibly due to inadequate pancreatic secretion or activation of pancreatic lipase, which can cause excessive, unhydrolyzed triglycerides to be excreted in the feces.

Glutathione is an antioxidant, a type of chemical which helps to boost your immune system as well as prevent and reverse cellular damage.  Unlike most antioxidants which come from the food you eat, glutathione is naturally produced by the body in the liver. Glutathione plays a number of roles in overall health including boosting the immune system, helping to break down nutrients in food, and protecting against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinsons, diabetes, some types of cancer, and heart disease.  

Glutathione is an antioxidant, a type of chemical which helps to boost your immune system as well as prevent and reverse cellular damage.  Unlike most antioxidants which come from the food you eat, glutathione is naturally produced by the body in the liver. Glutathione plays a number of roles in overall health including boosting the immune system, helping to break down nutrients in food, and protecting against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinsons, diabetes, some types of cancer, and heart disease.  

The Total IgA biomarker on the 1018 Celiac Profile - Serum by Genova Diagnostics measures the overall levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA), an essential antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune system, particularly at mucosal surfaces like the gastrointestinal tract. IgA protects against pathogens and dietary antigens, such as gluten, which are processed in the gut. In the context of celiac disease testing, Total IgA is measured to ensure the accuracy of IgA-dependent biomarkers, such as anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG IgA) and deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP IgA).

Total insulin is a critical marker used to measure the overall insulin levels in the bloodstream, which can provide valuable insights into a person's metabolic health. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a vital role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. By assessing total insulin levels, healthcare professionals can determine how effectively the body is responding to glucose and insulin, which is essential for diagnosing and managing conditions like diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Elevated total insulin levels can indicate insulin resistance, where the body's cells are less responsive to insulin, often leading to high blood sugar levels and, eventually, type 2 diabetes. Conversely, low insulin levels can point to conditions such as type 1 diabetes, where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Monitoring total insulin is crucial for understanding an individual's risk for these conditions and for tailoring appropriate dietary, lifestyle, and medical interventions to maintain optimal health. Regular monitoring can help detect early changes in insulin sensitivity, enabling timely interventions to prevent the progression of metabolic disorders.

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) is a blood test to see if you have too much or too little iron in the blood. Iron is vital in that it transports oxygen around the body. Frequently, a TIBC is ordered along with several other tests to determine the cause of conditions like anemia or to assess blood health in general.

Total Lactobacilli measured in x10^3 CFU/g (Colony Forming Units per gram) is a critical biomarker indicating the presence and abundance of beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. These gram-positive bacteria are key contributors to the gut microbiome, supporting both digestive and overall health.

Clinicians use Total Lactobacilli levels to assess the state of beneficial bacteria in the gut ecosystem. Healthy levels are associated with improved digestive function and immune health, while low levels may signal an imbalance in the gut microbiome, also known as dysbiosis.

Total Memory CD27+ % is a key measurement in B cell subset analysis that indicates the proportion of memory B cells within the B cell population. CD27, a tumor necrosis factor receptor family member, serves as a reliable marker for memory B cells and signifies previous antigen exposure and successful immune responses. When measured as a percentage of CD19+ B cells, the typical range in healthy adults is 25-45%. The analysis includes both switched (IgD-CD27+) and non-switched (IgD+CD27+) memory B cells. This marker is clinically significant for assessing various immunological conditions such as Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), autoimmune diseases, and immunosenescence, as well as monitoring treatment responses and immune reconstitution. The percentage typically varies with age, with older adults showing higher values due to accumulated antigen exposure, while younger individuals generally have lower percentages as they are still developing their immunological memory.