Anti recoverin antibodies are one of the key components of antibody disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). They have also been shown to be associated with retinopathy, which is characterized by impaired vision and photosensitivity.

The presence of anti-Ri antibody identifies a subset of patients with paraneoplastic ataxia and eye movement disorders (opsoclonus) who usually suffer from breast or other gynecological cancer; the antibody when present is a useful marker for an underlying malignancy.

The presence of anti-Ri antibody identifies a subset of patients with paraneoplastic ataxia and eye movement disorders (opsoclonus) who usually suffer from breast or other gynecological cancer; the antibody when present is a useful marker for an underlying malignancy.

Anti-RNP antibodies are a key biomarker used in diagnosing autoimmune diseases, particularly mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), where they are present in nearly all patients. These antibodies target the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1 snRNP) and are also found in other conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, and polymyositis, though in lower percentages. While high levels of anti-RNP antibodies are diagnostic of MCTD, they can also indicate milder disease manifestations in other autoimmune conditions, such as Raynaud's phenomenon and less severe renal involvement in SLE. Testing methods like ELISA and immunoblotting are commonly used to detect these antibodies, which provide valuable insights into autoimmune disease mechanisms but must be interpreted alongside clinical symptoms and other diagnostic results.

The Anti-Ro (SS-A) Antibody test is a critical diagnostic tool in the assessment of autoimmune diseases. This test detects antibodies against the Ro/SS-A antigen, a protein implicated in the development of certain autoimmune conditions. The presence of Anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies is notably associated with Sjögren's syndrome, a disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

The S100B is a calcium-binding peptide and is used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays important roles in normal CNS development and recovery after injury.

Although S100B is mainly found in astroglial and Schwann cells, it also has extracerebral sources.

S100B is a useful neurobiochemical marker of brain damage such as in circulatory arrest, stroke and traumatic brain injury.

S100B is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease or other chronic neurological diseases.

The S100B is a calcium-binding peptide and is used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays important roles in normal CNS development and recovery after injury.

Although S100B is mainly found in astroglial and Schwann cells, it also has extracerebral sources.

S100B is a useful neurobiochemical marker of brain damage such as in circulatory arrest, stroke and traumatic brain injury.

S100B is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease or other chronic neurological diseases.

Anti-sarcolemma antibodies are a type of antibodies that can be found in certain medical conditions. They are specifically associated with cardiac muscle disorders and are often detected in patients with conditions such as Dressler's syndrome after myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, rheumatic fever, and those who have undergone cardiac surgery. These antibodies can target various antigens, including adenine nucleotide translocator protein, cardiac myosin, and tropomyosin.

Antisarcolemmal (ASAs) are a serologic hallmark of inflammatory heart muscle disease (= Myocarditis) and its sequelae (= any complication or condition that results from a pre-existing illness, injury, or medical intervention).

Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). The inflammation can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood. Myocarditis can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and rapid or irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias).

Anti-Scl-70 antibodies, also known as Anti-Topoisomerase I antibodies, are a specific type of autoantibody primarily associated with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), a chronic autoimmune disease. These antibodies target the enzyme topoisomerase I, which is involved in DNA replication and repair. The presence of Anti-Scl-70 antibodies is clinically significant as they are found in approximately 20-40% of patients with systemic sclerosis, particularly in those with the diffuse cutaneous form of the disease.

Anti-Sm antibodies (Anti-Smith antibodies) are autoantibodies that are strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic autoimmune disease. The presence of Anti-Sm antibodies is considered a specific marker for SLE, as these antibodies are rarely found in individuals without the disease. It is reported that approximately 99% of individuals without SLE lack Anti-Sm antibodies, but they are present in only about 20% of people with SLE, indicating that while their presence is highly specific to SLE, they are not found in all cases of the disease.

The Anti-Smith Antibody targets your body’s own proteins and is found almost exclusively in people with lupus. Though not all people with lupus have this antibody (only around 30%), those who do usually receive a diagnosis of lupus. Anti-Smith antibody is more common in blacks and Asians with SLE (around 60%) than in whites with SLE.

Smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) are the standard diagnostic marker of autoimmune hepatitis (AH).

Anti-SRP Ab (Signal Recognition Particle Antibody), as measured by reference laboratories such as RDL (Reference Diagnostics Laboratory), is a highly specific serological marker crucial in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune myopathies, particularly Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein involved in the translocation of secretory and membrane proteins. In autoimmune contexts, the immune system aberrantly produces antibodies against SRP, leading to muscle inflammation and damage.

Anti-Ro (SS-A) is an autoantibody associated with SLE or Sjögren’s syndrome. Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly reacts to the tissue in glands that produce moisture, such as tear and salivary glands.