Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65)

Optimal Result: 0.4 - 1.9 ELISA Index.

Array 5 Multiple Autoimmune Reactivity Screen Cyrex Laboratories

From Healthmatters.io Team

Lab Results Explained and Tracked

Function:

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) a neuronal protein is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GAD is also expressed by pancreatic beta cells.

Antibodies Appear:

- Battan disease [6]

- Celiac disease [3]

- Cerebellar ataxia [4]

- Gluten sensitivity [3]

- Polyendocrine autoimmune syndrome [2]

- Stiff-person syndrome [2]

- Type 1 Diabetes [2, 4, 7]

Known Cross-Reactions:

- Casein; [1]

- Coxsackievirus; [5]

- Gliadin; [7]

- Rotavirus; [9]

- Cytomegalovirus; [10, 11]

- Rubella; [12]

- Buckwheat, Amaranth, Rice, Corn, Yeast, Potato, Quinoa, Oats [13]

Clinical Significance:

This enzyme is the major auto-antigen in Type I Diabetes. Researchers speculate that as a target antigen, GAD65 may directly, or indirectly, produce the T cell response cascade that results in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. [7]

In addition to patients with autoimmunity against islet cell antigen (Type I Diabetes), patients with neurological disorders (low GABA) may also produce high levels of antibodies against GAD. [2, 4, 6]

Anti-GAD autoantibodies may result in an excess of excitatory neurotransmitters, which can lead to seizures. [5]

Due to cross-reactivity between gliadin and casein, [1] patients with antibodies against GAD65 should implement a dairy-free diet.

Additionally, in a study of Celiac patients, [3] 60% of the participants with Celiac disease produced GAD65, which may explain the relationship between Celiac disease and type-1 diabetes.

References:

1. Banchuin, et al. Cell-mediated immune responses to GAD and beta-casein in type 1 diabetes mellitus in Thailand. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2002; 55(3):237-245.

2. Ellis and Atkinson. The clinical significance of an autoimmune response against glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nat Med, 1996; 2:148-153.

3. Hadjivassiliou et al. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet Neurol, 2010; 9:318-330.

4. Honnorat, et al. Cerebellar ataxia with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. Arch Neurol, 2001; 58:225-230.

5. LeRoth, et al (eds.). Diabetes Mellitus (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA; 2004.

6. Pearce, et al. Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoimmunity in Batten disease and other disorders. Neurology, 2004; 63:2001-2005.

7. Vojdani and Tarash. Cross-reaction between gliadin and different food and tissue antigens, Food Nutri Sci, 2013; 4:20-32.

8. Wilson, et al. Therapeutic alteration of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus progression by T cell tolerance to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 peptides in vitro and in vivo1. J Immunol, 2001; 167:569-577.

9. Honeyman, et al. Evidence for molecular mimicry between human T cell epitopes in rotavirus and pancreatic islet autoantigens. J Immunol, 2010; 184(4):2204-2210.

10. Hiemstra, et al. Cytomegalovirus in autoimmunity: T cell crossreactivity to viral antigen and autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001; 98(7):3988-3991.

11. Roep, et al. Molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes: immune cross-reactivity between islet autoantigen and human cytomegalovirus but not Coxsackie virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002; 958:163-165.

12. Ou, et al. Cross-reactive rubella virus and glutamic acid decarboxylase (65 and 67) protein determinants recognised by T cells of patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 2000; 43(6):750-762.

13. Kharrazian, et al. Detection of islet cell immune reactivity with low glycemic index foods: is this a concern for type 1 diabetes? J Diabetes Res, 2017; 2017:4124967.

Lab Results Explained and Tracked

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What does it mean if your Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65) result is too high?

Anti-GAD autoantibodies may result in an excess of excitatory neurotransmitters, which can lead to seizures. [5]

Due to cross-reactivity between gliadin and casein, [1] patients with antibodies against GAD65 should implement a dairy-free diet.

Additionally, in a study of Celiac patients, [3] 60% of the participants with Celiac disease produced GAD65, which may explain the relationship between Celiac disease and type-1 diabetes.

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Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65)

All Your Lab Results. One Simple Dashboard.

What does it mean if your Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65) result is too high?

All Your Lab Results. One Simple Dashboard.

Import, Track, and Share Your Lab Results Easily

Import, Track, and Share Your Lab Results

Article Review & Sources

Bring All Your Lab Results Together — In One Place

Gather Your Lab History — and Finally Make Sense of It

Finally, Your Lab Results Organized and Clear

Advanced Plan

Unlimited Account

Pro Monthly

What's included in a Healthmatters membership

Import Lab Results from Any Source

See Your Health Timeline

Understand What Your Results Mean

Enter Your Lab Reports Yourself — Always Free Enter Your Lab Reports — Always Free

Visualize Your Results

Export Your Complete Lab History in a Single File Export Your Complete Lab History

Comprehensive Data Entry Service for Your Reports Data Entry Service for Your Reports

Securely Share With Anyone You Trust

Let Your Lab Results Tell the Full Story

Once your results are in one place, see the bigger picture — track trends over time, compare data side by side, export your full history, and share securely with anyone you trust.

Bring all your results together to compare, track progress, export your history, and share securely.

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All Your Lab Results.
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