Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a worldwide infectious disease that is transmitted from person to person by droplet infection. Especially children at the age of 0-4 years are affected, and the mortality of infected infants is high.

Bordetella pertussis is the bacterium responsible for causing whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory illness. The Bordetella pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibody test is an immunoassay (IA) designed to detect the presence of IgG antibodies against the pertussis toxin. These antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with Bordetella pertussis or, in some cases, following vaccination.

The presence of IgG antibodies to the pertussis toxin can indicate either a past infection with Bordetella pertussis or a response to a recent vaccination, as the pertussis vaccine (DTP or DTaP) contains inactivated components of the toxin. This marker is particularly useful for diagnosing recent or past infections, as well as for assessing immunity in individuals who may have been vaccinated or exposed to the bacteria.

Boron is normally found in hair but the correlations among Boron absorption, and tissue and hair levels of Boron have yet to be determined. Boron has a low order of toxicity, but excessive intake induces riboflavinuria. Boron is frequently high in hair in association with high levels of potentially toxic elements (i.e. lead, mercury, and cadmium) and exposure to toxic chemicals. Exogenous contamination of hair with B is possible since B is present in some soap. Boron is also present in some cleaners, cements, ceramics and glass.

Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia, a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates.

B. afzelii and B. garinii are the primary causes of Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. Coinfection by this Borrelia species with one or more pathogens can occur, carried by the vector, which appears to be in most cases the tick.

Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia, a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates. B. afzelii and B. garinii are the primary causes of Lyme disease in Europe and Asia.

Coinfection by this Borrelia species with one or more pathogens can occur, carried by the vector, which appears to be in most cases the tick. In Europe the related genospecies Borrelia afzelii is associated with both EM and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), and several European studies have found compelling evidence for B. afzelii infection in patients with morphea.

Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia, a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates. B. afzelii and B. garinii are the primary causes of Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. Coinfection by this Borrelia species with one or more pathogens can occur, carried by the vector, which appears to be in most cases the tick. In Europe the related genospecies Borrelia afzelii is associated with both EM and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), and several European studies have found compelling evidence for B. afzelii infection in patients with morphea.

Borrelia burgdorferi is spirochete class bacterium. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, B. burgdorferi afzelii and B. burgdorferi garinii spirochetes enter the human body through tick bites.

Mixed with tick saliva, Borrelia travels through the circulation and enters different tissues. In some untreated cases, symptoms of pathogenic invasion have involved neurologic, cardiac, or joint disorders. Borrelia pathogenesis can break the blood-brain barrier, which allows invasion of the central nervous system, resulting in neuroborreliosis.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B.b.s.l.) with the following subspecies:

- USA: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (B.b.s.s.), Borrelia andersonii, Borrelia americanum, B. carolinensis, B. bissettii, B. myamotoi

- Europe: Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, B. spielmanii, B. valaisiana, B. lusitaniae, B. bavariensis

- Asia: Borrelia japonica, B. rutdi, B. tanukii, B. sinica, B. yangtze

Borrelia burgdorferi is spirochete class bacterium. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, B. burgdorferi afzelii and B. burgdorferi garinii spirochetes enter the human body through tick bites.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.