Antibodies against Amphiphysin occur in patients with paraneoplastic variant Stiff person syndrome but can also be seen in autoimmune encephalitis. Antibodies against Amphiphysin are associated with breast cancer and small cell lung cancer. Neurological symptoms may precede the diagnosis of cancer with up to five years. 

Antibodies against Amphiphysin are graded as High-risk antibodies with a frequency of 80% of underlying cancer and a positive result yield 3 points PNS score, according to Updated Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes. 

Anti-Amyloid Beta (1-42) antibodies (IgG + IgA) measure your immune system’s response against beta-amyloid peptides, the proteins that can accumulate in the brain and contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative changes. Beta-amyloid is most widely known for its association with Alzheimer’s-type pathology, though it can also increase in response to other neurological stressors.

This marker does not diagnose Alzheimer's disease. Instead, it reflects whether your immune system is reacting to amyloid-beta fragments, which may signal inflammation, immune activation, or breakdown in neuronal protein clearance mechanisms.

A mild elevation in Anti-Amyloid Beta (1-42) IgG + IgA suggests low-grade immune activation toward amyloid-beta proteins. This may reflect early neuroimmune signaling, mild blood-brain barrier imbalances, or metabolic and inflammatory stress that can affect brain health over time.

This does not diagnose Alzheimer’s disease.

What this may suggest

• Subtle neuroinflammation
• Early brain-immune communication shifts
• Lifestyle-related inflammatory or metabolic strain

Supportive steps

• Optimize sleep and stress regulation
• Emphasize anti-inflammatory foods and omega-3 fats
• Maintain blood sugar stability
• Exercise regularly for brain circulation
• Address gut-brain inflammation (fiber, probiotics, diverse plants)

Re-testing and comprehensive brain health review may be helpful if cognitive symptoms or family history exist.

Anti-Amyloid Beta (25-35) antibodies (IgG + IgA) measure the immune system’s response to a specific fragment of amyloid-beta protein known as Aβ 25-35. This peptide is one of the most neurotoxic amyloid fragments studied in neuroscience research. It can contribute to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal inflammation, and synaptic damage when present in the brain.

This test does not diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. Instead, it helps evaluate whether your immune system is reacting to this amyloid fragment, which may reflect neuroinflammation, impaired protein clearance, or blood-brain barrier stress.

A mild elevation in Anti-Amyloid Beta (25-35) IgG + IgA suggests early or low-grade immune recognition of a neurotoxic amyloid fragment. This reflects subtle neuroinflammatory signaling or metabolic stress affecting the brain-immune axis.

This does not diagnose Alzheimer’s disease.

Possible meaning

• Mild neuroinflammation or oxidative stress
• Early shifts in amyloid immune signaling
• Lifestyle-related inflammation or metabolic strain

Supportive actions

• Improve sleep quality and routine
• Follow anti-inflammatory nutrition
• Support gut-brain axis and fiber intake
• Exercise regularly, reduce stress
• Maintain balanced blood sugar levels

Retesting and proactive brain-health strategies are reasonable, especially with family history or cognitive symptoms.

Anti-Amyloid Beta (25-35) (IgM) measures early-phase immune activity against a highly reactive fragment of amyloid-beta protein. The 25-35 segment of beta-amyloid is considered one of the most neurotoxic forms, associated with:

• Oxidative stress
• Mitochondrial dysfunction
• Neuronal inflammation and injury
• Disruption of synaptic function

The IgM antibody response represents the initial immune response—meaning this marker can reflect early or acute immune recognition, rather than the longer-term or chronic activation signaled by IgG or IgA.

This marker does not diagnose Alzheimer’s disease. Rather, it may offer insight into early neuroimmune stress and potential vulnerability in brain-immune communication pathways.

A mild elevation in Anti-Amyloid Beta (25-35) (IgM) suggests early-stage immune recognition of a neurotoxic amyloid fragment. IgM responses often indicate the initial phase of immune activation, which may precede chronic inflammation.

This does not diagnose Alzheimer’s disease.

What it may suggest

• Early neuroinflammatory signaling
• Blood-brain barrier or protein-clearance stress
• Lifestyle-related oxidative or metabolic strain

Suggested support

• Optimize sleep and stress regulation
• Anti-inflammatory, high-antioxidant diet
• Regular exercise for brain circulation
• Improve gut health and fiber intake
• Maintain stable blood sugar

Monitoring and proactive lifestyle care are beneficial, especially with cognitive symptoms or family history.

Antibodies to aquaporin 4 constitute a sensitive and highly specific serum marker of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) that can facilitate the differential diagnosis of NMO and classic multiple sclerosis.

Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). The discovery of circulating IgG antibodies against the astrocyte water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and the evidence that AQP4 IgG is involved in the development of neuromyelitis optica revolutionized the understanding of the disease. Anti aquaporin 4 antibodies have also been shown in patients with peripheral demyelination. In addition, human aquaporin 4 shows cross-reactivity with corn and soybean aquaporins.

Antibodies to aquaporin 4 constitute a sensitive and highly specific serum marker of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) that can facilitate the differential diagnosis of NMO and classic multiple sclerosis.

Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). The discovery of circulating IgG antibodies against the astrocyte water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and the evidence that AQP4 IgG is involved in the development of neuromyelitis optica revolutionized the understanding of the disease. Anti aquaporin 4 antibodies have also been shown in patients with peripheral demyelination. In addition, human aquaporin 4 shows cross-reactivity with corn and soybean aquaporins.

Anti-Beta2 Glycoprotein I IgG is a specific class of autoantibodies directed against beta-2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI), a plasma protein that plays a critical role in the regulation of coagulation. The presence of these autoantibodies is clinically significant, particularly in autoimmune disorders such as Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), where they contribute to a hypercoagulable state. APS, characterized by thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity, is often associated with the presence of anti-β2GPI IgG, along with other antiphospholipid antibodies like lupus anticoagulant and anti-cardiolipin antibodies.

Anti-Beta2 Glycoprotein I IgM antibodies are a critical serological marker in the field of immunology and hematology, particularly in the diagnosis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Beta2 Glycoprotein I, a phospholipid-binding plasma protein, plays a pivotal role in the coagulation process. The presence of IgM autoantibodies against Beta2 Glycoprotein I indicates an autoimmune response that can interfere with the normal coagulation pathway, leading to an increased risk of thrombosis. These autoantibodies are a subset of antiphospholipid antibodies, which also include anti-cardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. In the clinical context, the detection of Anti-Beta2 Glycoprotein I IgM is significant for the diagnosis of APS, particularly in patients presenting with unexplained blood clots (thrombosis) or recurrent pregnancy loss, both of which are hallmark features of APS.

Serial testing shows that increasing amounts of IgG anti-C1q predict renal flares in SLE patients. Elevated serum titers of anti-C1q antibodies tend to be associated with proliferative forms of lupus, glomerulonephritis and subendothelial deposits of immune complexes.

Anti-Cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) of the IgA class are autoantibodies that target cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in cell membranes. While less commonly discussed than their IgG and IgM counterparts, IgA anti-cardiolipin antibodies also play a role in autoimmune conditions, particularly antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

APS is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an increased risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and pregnancy complications, including recurrent miscarriages. The presence of IgA anti-cardiolipin antibodies can contribute to the diagnostic criteria for APS, especially in patients who test negative for the more common IgG and IgM types but have clinical symptoms suggestive of APS.

Anti-Cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) of the IgG class are a type of autoantibody directed against cardiolipin, a phospholipid present in cell membranes. These antibodies are significant in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune disorders, particularly in the context of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

APS is characterized by thrombosis (blood clots) and pregnancy complications, including recurrent miscarriages. The presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies, especially the IgG subtype, is one of the laboratory criteria for diagnosing APS. Elevated levels of these antibodies can increase the risk of blood clot formation in veins and arteries, leading to complications like deep vein thrombosis, stroke, or heart attack.

Anti-Cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) of the IgM class are autoantibodies directed against cardiolipin, a specific phospholipid in cell membranes. These antibodies are clinically significant, especially in the context of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an autoimmune disorder characterized by an increased tendency for blood clot formation (thrombosis) and complications in pregnancy. The IgM class of aCL is one of the key markers tested for the diagnosis of APS.

Anti-CCP antibodies, or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, are autoantibodies frequently found in the blood of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These antibodies target proteins that have been altered by a process called citrullination; this alteration changes the structure of the protein, causing the immune system to recognize them as foreign.

Anti-Centromere Antibodies (Anti-Centromere Ab) detected by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) at RDL (Reference Diagnostic Laboratories) are essential diagnostic markers associated with autoimmune disorders, particularly limited cutaneous scleroderma and CREST syndrome.

The Anti-Centromere Antibody (ACA) test is an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) used to detect autoantibodies that target centromere proteins. These antibodies are primarily associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases, particularly limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. The test is available at various clinical laboratories and plays a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring certain autoimmune conditions.

Centromere B Antibody is diagnostic for the form of scleroderma known as CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal immotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia).

With a high specificity and a prevalence of 80 to 95%, antibodies against centromeres are pathognomonic for the limited form of progressive systemic sclerosis and can be detected even before the onset of the disease. If the corresponding clinical indication is given, the quantitative determination of antibodies with a monospecific test system, e.g. the Anti-Centromeres ELISA, is recommended.

The "Anti-Cerebellum" marker is a crucial test component designed to detect autoantibodies targeting the cerebellum, which is a part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, including posture, balance, coordination, and speech. The presence of these autoantibodies can indicate an autoimmune response against the cerebellum, potentially leading to neurological disorders such as cerebellar ataxia. This condition is characterized by difficulties in balance, movement, and possibly affecting speech and eye movements, profoundly impacting an individual's quality of life. 

The marker "Anti-Chromatin Ab, IgG (RDL)" refers to a specific type of blood test that detects antibodies called immunoglobulin G (IgG) that are directed against chromatin. Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of our cells, and it plays a critical role in packaging DNA into a compact, manageable form, and in regulating gene expression. The presence of anti-chromatin antibodies, like those detected by this test, is significant because they are commonly associated with certain autoimmune disorders, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).