b-­Hydroxyisovaleric Acid [aka 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid (3-HIA)] is formed from the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes an essential step in this pathway and is biotin dependent. Reduced activity of this enzyme leads to an alternate pathway of metabolism resulting in 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid.

b-Hydroxypropionate (aka 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid, 3-HPA) is a major urinary metabolite of propionic acid. Propionic acid is derived from dietary branched-chain amino acids, oddchain fatty acids, and can be produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of fiber. The biotin-dependent enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase is responsible for metabolizing propionic acid to methylmalonyl CoA, which is subsequently isomerized to succinyl CoA. Decreased activity of this enzyme shunts propionyl CoA into alternative pathways which form 3-HPA.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG) is the precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) production, and when it is elevated it may indicate that the body is trying to increase its production of CoQ10.

β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaric acid (HMG) is a precursor to cholesterol and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) synthesis. It is a product of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMGCoA). HMGCoA- reductase is a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol production. Medications that interfere with this enzyme may result in elevated HMG and subsequent low levels of cholesterol and CoQ10. CoQ10 is important for cellular energy production in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG) is the precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) production, and when it is elevated it may indicate that the body is trying to increase its production of CoQ10.

β-hydroxybutyrate is a ketone body. During periods of fasting, exercise, and metabolic disease, ketone bodies are generated in the liver and become an energy source instead of glucose.

β-hydroxybutyrate is a ketone body. During periods of fasting, exercise, and metabolic disease, ketone bodies are generated in the liver and become an energy source instead of glucose.

b-Pregnanediol is a metabolite of the molecule of progesterone, which is important for fertility and for menstruation. Pregnanediol levels increase after ovulation and when the placenta releases the hormone. Low progesterone symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, mood instability, low sex drive, sleep problems, brain fog, hair loss, loss of muscle mass and strength, weight gain and anxiety.

Pregnanediol is a metabolite of the molecule of progesterone, which is important for fertility and for menstruation. Pregnanediol levels increase after ovulation and when the placenta releases the hormone.

Progesterone itself is not readily found in the urine. Instead, this test measures pregnanediol (a progesterone metabolite). Pregnanediol is well-established in research literature as a reliable marker for progesterone levels.

Pregnanediol is a metabolite of the molecule of progesterone, which is important for fertility and for menstruation. Pregnanediol levels increase after ovulation and when the placenta releases the hormone.

Pregnanediol is a metabolite of the molecule of progesterone, which is important for fertility and for menstruation. Pregnanediol levels increase after ovulation and when the placenta releases the hormone.

This ratio is helpful when both E2 and Pg are within range, yet the patient continues to have symptoms. It is not expected to be normal or used clinically when either E2 and/or Pg are outside of their expected ranges or if the patient does not have clinical symptoms.

B-Tetrahydrocortisol [aka 5-beta-Tetrahydrocortisol (5b-THF)] is a metabolite of cortisol.

Tetrahydrocortisone, Tetrahydrocortisol and Allo-Tetrahydrocortisol are cortisol metabolites that reflect approximately 50% of daily cortisone synthesis. These will often reflect a chronic adrenal picture if levels are out of normal limits.

Urine contains free cortisol, but it also contains many cortisol metabolites, like cortisone or 5-alpha- tetrahydrocortisol, 5-beta-tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, etc.

B-Tetrahydrocortisol [aka 5-beta-Tetrahydrocortisol (5b-THF)] is a metabolite of cortisol.

Tetrahydrocortisone, Tetrahydrocortisol and Allo-Tetrahydrocortisol are cortisol metabolites that reflect approximately 50% of daily cortisone synthesis. These will often reflect a chronic adrenal picture if levels are out of normal limits.

Urine contains free cortisol, but it also contains many cortisol metabolites, like cortisone or 5-alpha- tetrahydrocortisol, 5-beta-tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, etc.

This is one of the three cortisol metabolites. The total some of the three cortisol metabolites gives us a good indication of the overall cortisol production in your body. 

Two of the 3 metabolites are the active form of cortisol (THF). The other metabolite is in the inactive form cortisone.

This particular marker (b-THE) hence is an inactive cortisol metabolite.

b-Tetrahydrocortisone (b-THE) is an adrenal steroid and a cortisol metabolite. Tetrahydrocortison (THE) is a down-stream metabolite of cortisol and cortisone.

Cortisone is a pregnane steroid hormone closely related to cortisol. It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. Cortisone suppresses the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of the injury.

This is one of the three cortisol metabolites. The total some of the three cortisol metabolites gives us a good indication of the overall cortisol production in your body. 

Two of the 3 metabolites are the active form of cortisol (THF). The other metabolite is in the inactive form cortisone.

This particular marker (b-THE) hence is an inactive cortisol metabolite.

This test measures the levels of a certain type of hormone in your blood called a B-type natriuretic peptide. This test gives you information about your heart.

Providers use a BNP test to diagnose heart failure. If you already know you have heart failure, your provider may order this test to check the severity (seriousness) of your condition. They may also use this test to monitor how heart failure treatments are working. In some cases, your provider may also order it if they think you may be at higher risk of developing heart failure.