CCL3, also known as Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), is a chemokine protein that plays a critical role in the immune response and inflammation. Chemokines are small proteins that act as signaling molecules, attracting and directing immune cells to sites of infection, injury, or inflammation within the body.

CCL3 is produced by various cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. It is part of the CC (or beta) chemokine family, which indicates the presence of two adjacent cysteine residues near the amino terminus of the protein. CCL3 interacts with specific receptors on the surface of target cells, primarily the CCR1, CCR4, and CCR5 receptors.

CCL4 is a chemoattractant for critical immune regulatory cells such as monocytes/macrophages, T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells.

CCL4 is produced by monocytes, T/B lymphocytes, neutrophils, fibroblasts and endothelial/epithelial cells. CCL4 expression by neutrophils contributes to inflammation by recruiting other leukocytes at site(s) of inflammation which results in resolution of inflammation by macrophage-mediated efferocytosis or development of chronic inflammation.

T-Cell-Specific Protein RANTES is chemotactic for T-cells, human eosinophils and basophils and plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into inflammatory sites. It also activates the release of proteins from eosinophils such as eosinophilic cationic protein. It changes the density of eosinophils and makes them hypodense, which is thought to represent a state of generalized cell activation and is associated most often with diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) is an antibody present in most rheumatoid arthritis patients.

CD19 is a protein that serves as a cell surface marker found on B-lymphocytes (B-cells), which are a type of white blood cell crucial to the adaptive immune system. As part of the B-cell receptor complex, CD19 functions as a co-receptor that enhances the sensitivity and response of B-cells to antigens. This protein plays a vital role in B-cell development, activation, proliferation, and differentiation.

CD2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on the surface of T cells, natural killer cells, thymocytes, and dendritic cells. The CD2 protein is also a costimulatory receptor that plays a role in T cell activation and signaling. 

CD20 is a cell surface protein primarily found on B-lymphocytes (B-cells), which are essential white blood cells in the adaptive immune system. CD20 plays a crucial role in regulating B-cell activation, growth, and differentiation, particularly in the immune response to pathogens.

The proportion of all immune cells that are T cells. This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

The CD4 percentage (CD4%) is the percentage of white blood cells (lymphocytes) that are CD4 cells.

The immune system contains lots of different cells. The two main types of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells. CD4 cells are a type of T cell. So the CD4% looks at the CD4 count in relation to other immune cells.

CD4% is sometimes a more stable indication of whether there has been a change in the immune system. If the percentage hasn’t changed the change in the absolute count is not important.

This test looks at the ratio of two important types of white blood cells in your blood.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell in your immune system. This test looks at two of them, CD4 and CD8.

CD4 cells lead the fight against infections. CD8 cells can kill cancer cells and other invaders.

Cell surface antigen CD5 is a marker for activated human B cells.

CD5 is a T-cell associated marker that is also expressed by two B-cell neoplasms; lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma. CD5 antigen is expressed in 95% of thymocytes and 72% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes, CD5 is mainly reactive with Tcells. It has been shown to react with thymic carcinomas, but rarely in thymomas. It has also been observed in a subset of intravascular large B-cell lymphomas and marks some anaplastic large cell lymphomas. CD5 has proven very useful in marking mantle cell lymphoma when used in tandem with CD23, cyclin D1, and CD10 (CD10 is negative; CD5, cyclin D1 are positive for mantle cell lymphoma).

CD7 is a transmembrane protein highly expressed in acute T-cell leukemia (T-ALL) and in a subset of peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Normal expression of CD7 is largely confined to T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, reducing the risk of off-target-organ toxicity. 

The proportion of all T cells that are CD8 cells.

CD8 cells are also called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They help fight cancer and germs that live inside your cells (intracellular pathogens).

The CD8 percentage is sometimes more reliable than the absolute count of CD8 because it tends to vary less.

CD15s expression (LAD 2), as part of a Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CD15s, CD18) panel from Quest Diagnostics, plays a critical role in diagnosing Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type II (LAD II). This condition is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system's ability to function properly. In healthy individuals, CD15s (also known as sialyl-Lewis X) is a specialized molecule present on the surface of white blood cells (leukocytes) that facilitates their adhesion, or sticking, to blood vessel walls during inflammation or infection. This process is essential for the immune response, as it allows leukocytes to exit the bloodstream and enter affected tissues to combat pathogens.

CD16, also known as FcγRIII, refers to a cluster of differentiation molecule found on the surface of various immune cells, including natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and certain T cells. CD16 has been identified as two different receptors: FcγRIIIa (CD16a) and FcγRIIIb (CD16b). These receptors participate in signal transduction and are involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is a process where immune cells target and destroy cells coated with specific antibodies.

CD16, also known as FcγRIII, refers to a cluster of differentiation molecule found on the surface of various immune cells, including natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and certain T cells. CD16 has been identified as two different receptors: FcγRIIIa (CD16a) and FcγRIIIb (CD16b). These receptors participate in signal transduction and are involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is a process where immune cells target and destroy cells coated with specific antibodies.

CD1656 are an important NK (Natural killer) cell subset.

- NK cells are best known for killing virally infected cells, and detecting and controlling early signs of cancer. As well as protecting against disease, specialized NK cells are also found in the placenta and may play an important role in pregnancy.

- Natural killer T (NKT) cells represent a specialized T-cell population that is distinct from conventional T cells. They express an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes self and bacterial glycosphingolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like molecule, CD1d.

- Human natural killer (NK) cells can be subdivided in several subpopulations on the basis of the relative expression of the adhesion molecule CD56 and the activating receptor CD16. 

- NK cells serve an important role in host defense against viral infections, as well as tumor surveillance. They are also a component of the adaptive immune response through cytokine production.

- NK cell functions are governed by a balance between activating receptors and inhibitory receptors.