This result is a qualitative determination of autoantibodies to 21-Hydroxylase (21-OH Abs) in patient serum. 21-OH Abs occur in autoimmune Addison's disease, whether isolated or part of type I or type II autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. This re

The biomarker Acetoacetate, measured in serum or plasma (S/P) is a key component in the evaluation of ketone body levels within the human body. Acetoacetate is one of the three primary ketone bodies, alongside beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone, produc

Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target proteins called acetylcholine receptors that are located on muscles that you can consciously or voluntarily control (known as skeletal mu

The ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitor assays are useful for the diagnosis of congenital or acquired form of TTP. ADAMTS13 is a plasma protein responsible for regulating the interaction of platelets with von Willebrand factor (VWF) and physiologic pr

This test is used for the chromogenic determination of plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-antiplasmin) activity in human plasma. Alpha 2-antiplasmin is the major fast-acting inhibitor of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin and an important regulator of the fibri

Usually, the results of the ANA test are reported in titers and patterns. The titer gives information about how many times the lab technician diluted the blood plasma to get a sample of ANAs. The pattern of the ANA test can give information about

The ANAchoice Screen is a diagnostic test The ANAchoice Screen is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in the blood. ANAs are a group of antibodies that bind to certain contents of the nucleus of the cell and

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a key omega-6 fatty acid measured in the OmegaCheck test offered by Cleveland HeartLab, which assesses cardiovascular risk based on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status.

Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibody is an autoantibody that is associated with inappropriate blood clotting. This test detects and measures one class (IgA) of beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies.

The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is a clinical-pathologic correlation that includes a clinical event (e.g. thrombosis, pregnancy loss, thrombocytopenia) and persistent positive antiphospholipid antibodies (IgM or IgG ACA >40 MPL/GPL,Ig

The assay contributes to the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The clinical symptoms of APS alone are not sufficiently specific to make a definitive diagnosis. Laboratory tests thus play an important role in the diagnosis of the disease.

The diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea or otorrhea (leakage of CSF into the nose or ear canal, usually as a result of head trauma, tumor, congenital malformation, or surgery) is often difficult to confirm. Traditional ch

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body extensively measured in clinical diagnostics to assess and monitor ketosis and ketogenic states. BHB is produced in the liver from fatty acids during periods of low carbohydrate intake, fasting, prolonged e

The copeptin test is a helpful tool used by doctors to check on a specific part of our body's hormone system. Copeptin is a piece of a larger hormone called pre-provasopressin, which breaks down into three parts, including vasopressin. Vasopressi

Cortisol, the main glucocorticoid (representing 75%-95% of the plasma corticoids), plays a critical role in glucose metabolism and in the body's response to stress. The majority of cortisol circulates bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (

Confirmation testing for dsDNA IgG antibodies in patients with clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus or at-risk for disease.

The EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) to Arachidonic Acid ratio is a measure often used to gauge the balance of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory fatty acids in the body. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid primarily found in fatty

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme essential for energy production and found in all cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), where it safeguards them from toxic by-products of metabolism. A G6PD deficiency, a genetic disorder affec

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE helps red blood cells (RBCs) function normally. It also protects them from potentially harmful byproducts that can accumulate when your body is fighting infection or as the result of certain medications. A lack of GL

This test is intended for the semiquantitative determination of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody in human serum; it is useful as an aid in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (autoimmune mediated diabetes).

Gluten (F79) IgG is a specific immunoglobulin G antibody marker used in the immunological assessment of gluten sensitivity and related disorders. This antibody targets a fraction of gluten proteins, primarily found in wheat and related grains, and it

The urea breath test can be used to aid in the diagnosis of H pylori infection. The test can also be used to assess therapy when it is administered more than a month after completion of therapy.

The Hexagonal Phase Confirm test is a specific laboratory test used to detect lupus anticoagulant (LA), which is a type of antibody associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and other autoimmune disorders. The term "Hexagonal Phase" refers

Useful for evaluating for diseases of immediate hypersensitivity or mast cell proliferation (mastocytosis). Histamine is one of the major mediators of allergic reactions. Some carcinoid tumors, particularly of gastric origin, produce and release exce

Immunoglobulin M (IgM), which is found mainly in the blood and lymph fluid, is the first antibody to be made by the body to fight a new infection. Expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high avi

IgG immunoglobulins are composed of four subtypes named IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Each subclass is present in the serum in different concentrations, varies with age, and has different roles for immune response. Abnormal levels of one or more subclas

Lactic acid is a metabolite produced during anaerobic metabolism in muscle cells, especially during intense physical activity. It serves as an energy source, helps maintain blood sugar levels, and plays a critical role in various metabolic processes.

This test measures the amount of lithium in the blood. Lithium is used to treat manic-depressive disorders and the manic phase of affective disorders, including mania. The therapeutic window is relatively small. Therapeutic drug monitoring is usef

Liver Kidney Microsomal (LKM-1) Antibody (IgG) The presence of LKM-1 antibodies can be used in conjunction with clinical findings and other laboratory tests to aid in the diagnosis of autoimmune liver diseases such as autoimmune hepa

To help diagnose or rule out a rare tumor of the adrenal gland called a pheochromocytoma or a rare tumor occurring outside the adrenal glands called a paraganglioma; these tumors (PPGL) produce excess hormones called catecholamines, which are broken

Mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) antibody is a specific type of autoantibody that has gained attention in the context of rheumatology, particularly in the diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullination is a post-translation

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is an enzyme that is found in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuroendocrine cells. The production of NSE occurs late in neural differentiation, thus making NSE an index of neural maturation.

Normetanephrine is an important metabolite of norepinephrine and serves as a marker for the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Measuring normetanephrine levels can provide valuable information for diagnosing and managing certain medical cond

NT-proBNP is a diagnostic screening tool to differentiate between people with normal and reduced left ventricular systolic function. - N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) is a non-active prohormone that is released from the same molec

Risk: Optimal > 3.2%; Moderate 2.2-3.2%; High < 2.2% The Omega-3 Index test by Quest Diagnostics measures the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the serum, with a focus on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are e

Omega-6:Omega-3 ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of all the omega-6 fatty acids by the sum of all the omega-3 fatty acids. Omega 6 and 3 are two essential fats that are categorized as polyunsaturated fatty acids, or PUFAs for shor

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Intact, plays a crucial role in maintaining a delicate balance in our body's calcium and phosphorus levels, directly impacting bone health. This hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands located behind the thyroid gla

Pregnenolone is a chemical substance that is a precursor to all steroid hormones.

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a bioactive lipid compound that plays a significant role in various physiological and pathological processes within the human body. It belongs to the family of prostaglandins, which are a group of physiologically active lip

Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. 

Selenium, a trace element essential for human health, plays a critical role in various physiological processes and is commonly assessed through its concentration in serum. As an integral component of selenoproteins, selenium is pivotal in antioxidant

Anti-soluble liver antigen antibodies are detected in 10% - 30% of patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), but not in patients with type 2 AIH, primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cirrhosis.

T3 Reverse, measured through the highly accurate LC/MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry) method, is an essential test in the realm of endocrinology, particularly for evaluating thyroid function and metabolic disorders. Reverse

Glutathione is an antioxidant, a type of chemical which helps to boost your immune system as well as prevent and reverse cellular damage.  Unlike most antioxidants which come from the food you eat, glutathione is naturally produced by the body i

The marker "Total, Free (MN+NMN)" typically refers to the measurement of both metanephrine (MN) and normetanephrine (NMN) levels in a biological sample, such as blood or urine. These two compounds, metanephrine and normetanephrine, are meta

Tryptase is an enzyme that is released, along with histamine and other chemicals, from mast cells when they are activated as part of a normal immune response as well as in allergic (hypersensitivity) responses.

TSI stands for thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. TSIs are antibodies that tell the thyroid gland to become more active and release excess amounts of thyroid hormone into the blood. A TSI test measures the amount of thyroid stimulating imm

What is the VEGF test? This test measures the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in your blood. VEGF is a substance that helps encourage the growth of new blood vessels. Your body makes more VEGF in certain cases. For instance, if

A Z-score compares your bone density to the average bone density of people your own age and gender. For example, if you are a 50-year-old female, a Z-score compares your bone density to the average bone density of 50-year-old females.

A Z-score compares your bone density to the average bone density of people your own age and gender. For example, if you are a 50-year-old female, a Z-score compares your bone density to the average bone density of 50-year-old females.