Centromere B Antibody is diagnostic for the form of scleroderma known as CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal immotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia).

With a high specificity and a prevalence of 80 to 95%, antibodies against centromeres are pathognomonic for the limited form of progressive systemic sclerosis and can be detected even before the onset of the disease. If the corresponding clinical indication is given, the quantitative determination of antibodies with a monospecific test system, e.g. the Anti-Centromeres ELISA, is recommended.

Function:

Cerebellum is the part of the brain controlling movement and balance. Inside the cerebellar cortex there are large neurons called Purkinje’s cells. The Cerebellar antibodies test measures antibodies against the cerebellum Purkinje’s Cell Antigens.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autism

- Celiac Disease

- Gluten Ataxia

- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Syndrome

- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, tumor cells, Milk butyrophilin

Function:

Cerebellum is the part of the brain controlling movement and balance. Inside the cerebellar cortex there are large neurons called Purkinje’s cells. The Cerebellar antibodies test measures antibodies against the cerebellum Purkinje’s Cell Antigens.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autism

- Celiac Disease

- Gluten Ataxia

- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Syndrome

- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, tumor cells, Milk butyrophilin

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing enzyme that plays a role in the body's iron metabolism. This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in the blood.

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing enzyme that plays a role in the body's iron metabolism. This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in the blood.

Fecal cesium (CS) provides an indication of recent oral exposure to the element, and to a much lesser extent Cs that has been excreted from the body in bile. Naturally occurring Cs is not radioactive and is referred to as stable Cs (Cs133). Cesium is a naturally occurring element found combined with other elements in rocks, soil, and dust in low amounts. Humans may be exposed to Cs at relatively low levels from air and diet. Cesium-chloride is used as a lubricant to facilitate drilling for oil and natural gas. As such Cs may contaminate surface and ground water, and certain crops in close proximity to drilling sites.

Cesium is a naturally occurring element found combined with other elements in rocks, soil, and dust in low amounts. It is used to make atomic clocks, optical glass, and vacuum tubes. Nuclear explosions or the breakdown of uranium in fuel elements can produce radioactive forms of cesium. Exposure to stable or radioactive cesium occurs from ingesting contaminated food or drinking water or breathing contaminated air. In muscle cells, cesium competes with, and displaces, potassium. Such exposures may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, fatigue, muscle weakness, and palpitations. In severe conditions, it can cause cardiac arrhythmia, coma, and even death. Cesium can cause DNA damage which can affect genomic stability. Altered in genomic stability is a hallmark of aging. Thus, cesium toxicity may accelerate aging owing to its contribution to genomic instability.

Naturally occurring Cs can be found in a stable form. Radioactive Cs is produced by the fission of uranium in fuel elements, usually near nuclear power plants. These are unstable but eventually become stable through radioactive decay. Some Cs can be found in air, water, and soil (and thereby food) based on location near nuclear plants.

Higher levels of vitamin D (25(OH)D3) have been linked to enhanced absorption of radioactive isotopes like cesium. Cs and potassium compete for uptake and cell membrane potential.

Utilization of breath methane levels for SIBO assessment is controversial largely due to a lack of validation related to diagnostic specifics such as timing and magnitude of increase; however, CH4 measurements are increasingly obtained to address other clinical questions. Recent evidence has associated CH4 production with the pathogenesis of common clinical conditions, such as obesity, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and constipation.

Chaetoglobosin A (CHA) is produced by the mold Chaetomium globosum (CG).

Chaetoglobosin A (CHA) is one of the chaetoglobosin mycotoxins produced from the fungus Chaetomium globosum. Chaetomium globosum is the third most common indoor fungal contaminant of damp buildings. It has been isolated from several places such as soil, dung, feeds, foods, textiles, plywood, carpet, wallpaper and wet walls.

Inhalation of airborne spores and CHA from this fungus is known to produce respiratory as well as systemic infection in human beings. Case reports of infections include mild to severe illness, from sinusitis, onychomycosis, and cutaneous infections to disseminated cerebral disease, pneumonia and keratitis. Relatively low levels of CHA have been shown to be lethal to various tissue culture cell lines and it is thought that CHA is highly toxigenic, even at minimal doses.

Chaetomium globosum is a globally distributed hydrophilic mold commonly found in water-damaged buildings and various organic materials. It is recognized as a significant allergen linked to respiratory diseases, with studies showing sensitization rates of around 7% among atopic patients in regions like West Virginia and Poland. While it infrequently causes infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, its potential for producing mycotoxins raises health concerns. The mold's presence in damp environments contributes to poor indoor air quality and an increased risk of respiratory symptoms, including asthma. Preventing moisture accumulation and addressing water damage are essential strategies for minimizing exposure to this mold and its associated health risks.

Charcot-Leyden crystals are formed from the breakdown of immune cells, especially eosinophils, and may be seen in the stool of patients with parasitic diseases. The crystals are indicative of immune response and can sometimes be seen in association with non-parasitic infection or inflammation.

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), also known as chenodiol, usually conjugates with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.