CD56 is an adhesion molecule mediating homophilic and heterophilic adhesion in neurons, natural killer cells, and a small subset of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells. It is expressed in tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation (small cell lung carcinoma and neural-derived tumors) or natural killer cell lineage (subset of lymphomas). In normal small intestine, the ganglion cells in the muscle wall and nerves will show strong staining. Scattered lymphocytes may also be positive.

CD56 is an adhesion molecule mediating homophilic and heterophilic adhesion in neurons, natural killer cells, and a small subset of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells. It is expressed in tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation (small cell lung carcinoma and neural-derived tumors) or natural killer cell lineage (subset of lymphomas). In normal small intestine, the ganglion cells in the muscle wall and nerves will show strong staining. Scattered lymphocytes may also be positive.

CD56+CD3- % is a key immunological marker identifying natural killer (NK) cells, essential in innate immunity. Elevated levels can indicate an active immune response or certain malignancies, while decreased levels may suggest impaired immunity, as seen in HIV/AIDS or post-chemotherapy. This parameter is crucial in transplant immunology for monitoring immune reconstitution and in assessing the effectiveness of immunotherapies, particularly in cancer treatments. CD56+CD3- % thus plays a significant role in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating immune and hematological disorders.

CD56+CD3- (absolute) cells are crucial in the immune system, primarily acting as natural killer (NK) cells. Their unique combination of CD56 positivity and CD3 negativity makes them essential for defending against pathogens and cancer cells. These cells are pivotal in diagnosing and managing immune-related conditions and cancers, highlighting their role in personalized medicine.

The CD57 test is offered in some clinical laboratories and is being used by some health practitioners to evaluate and follow patients diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease.

The CD57 test is offered in some clinical laboratories and is being used by some health practitioners to evaluate and follow patients diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease.

This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

CD4 and CD8 are two types of white blood cells in your blood. CD4 cells are also called T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. They help the body fight infections. CD8 cells are also called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They help fight cancer and germs that live inside your cells (intracellular pathogens).

The absolute number of all CD8 cells, which include both killer and suppressor T cells. The normal range for an HIV-negative person is 150 to 1,000. It is usually higher in a person with HIV.

The "CD8-CD57+ Lymphocytes (Absolute)" marker on an HNK1 (CD57) panel from Labcorp represents a specific measurement of immune cells within your blood, quantified absolutely rather than as a percentage of total lymphocytes. This test focuses on a subset of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes, both critical components of your immune system's arsenal against infections and malignancies. These CD8-CD57+ cells, often referred to in the context of natural killer cell function due to their ability to directly attack and kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells without the need for prior activation, are unique. When you have a higher or lower than normal absolute count of these cells, it can be indicative of various health conditions. For example, a low absolute count of CD8-CD57+ lymphocytes is often observed in patients suffering from chronic conditions like Lyme disease, indicating a weakened immune response possibly due to the prolonged battle against the infection. On the other hand, understanding the high end of these counts is less straightforward but could suggest an active immune response to an infection or stress. This marker is particularly useful for clinicians in the context of diagnosing and managing chronic infectious diseases, as it provides insight into the state of the immune system's natural killer cell function. However, interpreting the results of this marker should always be done within the broader context of a patient's overall health, symptoms, and other laboratory findings to ensure a comprehensive understanding of their immune status.

The CD57 test is offered in some clinical laboratories and is being used by some health practitioners to evaluate and follow patients diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease.

A contagem de células brancas do sangue (WBC) mede a quantidade de leucócitos no sangue, essencial para identificar infecções, inflamações e condições médicas como doenças autoimunes e distúrbios sanguíneos. Essas células desempenham um papel crucial no sistema imunológico, sendo divididas em neutrófilos, linfócitos, monócitos, eosinófilos e basófilos. O exame é frequentemente incluído no hemograma completo (CBC) e auxilia no diagnóstico e monitoramento de tratamentos médicos. Valores normais variam entre 3.800 e 10.800 células/µL, dependendo do laboratório, e devem ser interpretados com a orientação de um médico.

As células vermelhas do sangue transportam oxigênio dos pulmões para o resto do corpo. Elas também levam dióxido de carbono de volta aos pulmões para ser exalado. As células vermelhas do sangue (hemácias) são produzidas na medula óssea e contêm hemoglobina, uma proteína que transporta oxigênio para os tecidos do corpo. Essas células também são conhecidas como eritrócitos.

A anemia é uma condição resultante da diminuição no número de hemácias. Contagens elevadas de hemácias são observadas em outras condições, como baixos níveis de oxigênio, uso de certos medicamentos, doenças renais ou superprodução na medula óssea. Se os resultados da contagem de hemácias forem anormais, geralmente são realizados testes adicionais para diagnosticar a causa dos níveis elevados ou reduzidos de células vermelhas do sangue.

Um hemograma completo (HC) mede dois outros componentes das células vermelhas do sangue:

• hemoglobina: proteína que transporta oxigênio

• hematócrito: porcentagem de células vermelhas no sangue

Níveis anormais de células vermelhas do sangue, hemoglobina ou hematócrito podem ser um sinal de anemia, doença cardíaca ou deficiência de ferro no corpo.

CENP-A stands for centromere proteins A.

Centromere antibodies can be directed against a number of centromere proteins (CENP), including CENP-A, -B, and -C, though CENP-B is thought to be the main target.

These antibodies are found in 20% to 40% of patients with SSc and are associated with the lcSSc subtype.

Furthermore, centromere antibodies are included in the 2013 ACR-EULAR classification criteria. However, these antibodies can occur in other connective tissue diseases, including:

- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),

- primary biliary cholangitis,

- rheumatoid arthritis,

- and Sjögren syndrome.

CENP-B stands for centromere proteins B.

Centromere antibodies can be directed against a number of centromere proteins (CENP), including CENP-A, -B, and -C, though CENP-B is thought to be the main target.

These antibodies are found in 20% to 40% of patients with SSc and are associated with the lcSSc subtype.

Furthermore, centromere antibodies are included in the 2013 ACR-EULAR classification criteria. However, these antibodies can occur in other connective tissue diseases, including:

- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),

- primary biliary cholangitis,

- rheumatoid arthritis,

- and Sjögren syndrome.