Coxsackie viruses are enteroviruses belonging to the Picornavirus family, which is comprised of strains A and B as well as various serotypes A1-22, 24, and B1-6. Following incubation, a variety of well known diseases can manifest themselves within the host. Coxsackie A is commonly associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease, which primarily affects children younger than 10 years of age. In rare cases, Coxsackie infections may produce mild or subclinical symptoms, yet most infections trigger the onset of flu-like ailments but may include symptoms of other diseases along the lines of pneumonia, hepatitis, and meningitis.

Coxsackie B-1 Antibody (Ab) is a specific immunological marker used in the detection of previous or ongoing infections caused by the Coxsackie B-1 virus, a member of the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. This virus is known for its role in a variety of clinical syndromes, ranging from mild febrile illnesses to more severe conditions such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and aseptic meningitis. The presence of Coxsackie B-1 Ab, particularly IgM and IgG classes, in serum samples is indicative of the immune response triggered by the body against this pathogen. IgM antibodies usually suggest a recent acute infection, appearing early in the course of the disease and declining as the infection resolves. In contrast, IgG antibodies develop later and can persist for years, indicating past exposure and possibly conferring immunity. The detection of these antibodies is crucial for epidemiological surveillance, diagnosis, and understanding the immunopathology of Coxsackie B-1 virus infections. Advanced serological assays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization tests, are employed for accurate and sensitive detection of Coxsackie B-1 Ab, playing a significant role in clinical diagnosis and in differentiating this infection from other enteroviral diseases with similar clinical presentations.

Coxsackie B-2 Antibody (Coxsackie B-2 Ab) is a specific immunoglobulin marker indicative of exposure to the Coxsackie B-2 virus, a member of the enterovirus family and one of the distinct serotypes within the Coxsackie B virus group. This serotype is known for its role in various clinical manifestations ranging from mild, flu-like symptoms to more severe conditions like myocarditis, pericarditis, and pancreatitis. The presence of Coxsackie B-2 antibodies, detectable through serological assays, is crucial in the diagnosis and epidemiological tracking of these infections. 

Coxsackie B-3 antibody (Coxsackie B-3 Ab) plays a pivotal role in the immunological response to Coxsackie B-3 virus, a significant member of the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. This virus is known for its involvement in various clinical syndromes, ranging from mild gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses to more severe conditions like myocarditis, pericarditis, and pancreatitis. The Coxsackie B-3 Ab is a specific antibody formed in response to infection by the Coxsackie B-3 virus, and its detection is crucial for the accurate diagnosis and epidemiological study of the virus.

Coxsackie B-4 antibody (Coxsackie B-4 Ab) is a specific immunoglobulin marker indicative of exposure to the Coxsackie B-4 virus, a member of the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. This virus is known for its role in various human diseases, ranging from mild febrile illnesses to more severe conditions such as myocarditis, pancreatitis, and aseptic meningitis. The presence of Coxsackie B-4 Ab is particularly significant in the context of research into the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus; there is accumulating evidence suggesting that Coxsackie B-4 may act as a trigger in genetically predisposed individuals, potentially initiating or accelerating pancreatic beta-cell destruction.

Coxsackie B-5 Antibody (Coxsackie B-5 Ab) is a specific marker used in the serological diagnosis of infections caused by the Coxsackie B-5 virus, one of the several serotypes of the Coxsackie B viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus. The presence of Coxsackie B-5 Ab in a patient's serum is indicative of an immune response to this particular serotype, which is known for its role in a range of acute and chronic illnesses.

Coxsackie B-6 Ab, or Coxsackie B-6 antibody, is a significant marker in the medical diagnosis and study of infections caused by the Coxsackie B-6 virus, a member of the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. This specific antibody is part of the immune response to the Coxsackie B-6 virus, which is known for causing a spectrum of diseases, ranging from mild gastrointestinal distress to more severe conditions like myocarditis, pericarditis, and even pancreatitis. The presence of Coxsackie B-6 Ab in a patient's blood is indicative of either a current or past infection with this virus.

Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.

The primary goal of a creatinine clearance test is to measure the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), providing insight into kidney filtration efficiency. It is instrumental in diagnosing, screening, and tracking the progression of kidney disease.

The test involves measuring creatinine levels in a blood sample and a 24-hour urine collection. Creatinine is a byproduct of the breakdown of creatine, which provides energy to muscles. The kidneys filter creatinine from the blood, and it is excreted in urine. By using a specific formula that considers creatinine levels in both the blood and urine, adjusted for body size, the test estimates the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

A creatinine clearance test is performed to evaluate kidney function by analyzing both blood and urine samples. Creatinine is a waste product generated by normal muscle activity, which the kidneys filter from the blood and eliminate through urine. This test compares the levels of creatinine in the blood and urine to determine how effectively the kidneys are filtering blood, a key indicator for diagnosing and monitoring kidney health.

Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found primarily in the brain, skeletal muscles, and heart. Conditions that cause damage to any of these three areas produce an elevated level of CK. For this reason, CK tests are often run to detect muscle damage, especially if someone is taking a drug such as a statin, using cocaine, or has been exposed to a toxin. If you’re experiencing chest pain or weakness your doctor may order a CK test to determine if you’ve had a heart attack. It is also common for doctors to use this test to evaluate the extent of sports injuries. Creatine kinase levels reflect the amount of muscle in the body, and as such men typically have higher levels than women. Finally, a CK test may be used to diagnose rhabdomyolysis, a condition characterized by the rapid breakdown of muscle tissue. It is worth noting that a normal level of CK does not necessarily mean that there is no muscle damage. It could mean that the damage occurred long enough ago for levels to return to normal.  Frequently, a succession of CK tests are run as changes in CK levels due to muscle damage can take hours to present.

The CK-MB test measures levels of a specific enzyme, Creatine kinase-MB, primarily found in heart muscle cells, to diagnose heart damage. CK-MB is one of three forms of the creatine kinase enzyme, with the others being CK-MM and CK-BB, found in different muscles and organs. Elevated CK-MB levels, especially with a high ratio to total creatine kinase, indicate heart damage, which could be due to various causes such as physical trauma, surgery, or a heart attack. While historically crucial for diagnosing heart attacks, the CK-MB test has been largely replaced by more specific cardiac troponin tests. The test is performed mainly in emergency settings, with results varying based on individual health factors and laboratory standards.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle.

This test may be used to:

- Diagnose heart attack

- Evaluate cause of chest pain

- Determine if or how badly a muscle is damaged

- Detect dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and other muscle diseases

- Tell the difference between malignant hyperthermia and postoperative infection

Creatinine is used to calculate results and is not to be used diagnostically.