Function:

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is a large and diverse group of enzymes, most of which catalyze the oxidation of organic substances. A hepatocyte is a cell of the main tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the liver’s cytoplasmic mass. These cells play a role in: protein synthesis; protein storage; transformation of carbohydrates; synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids; detoxification; modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances; and initiates formation and secretion of bile.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 2 [4]

Chronic Hepatitis C [4]

Heptocellular Carcinoma [3]

Liver/Mycrosomal Autoimmunities [1, 2]

Known Cross-Reactions:

asialoglycoprotein receptor, [2]

gliadin [5]

Epidemiology:

- Herpes virus that has infected 60% of the US population

- One in three children have contracted CMV by five years old

- Passed around in child daycare centers

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic herpesvirus belonging to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which is classified as herpes type-5. After primary infection, CMV can infect a variety of cell types such as epithelial cells of salivary glands, large intestine, lungs, smooth muscle, endothelial cells, liver, kidney, fibroblasts, neuronal cells and various myeloid cells.

What is the Cytomegalovirus test?

This test looks for antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a virus in the herpes family, in your blood.

CMV is so widespread that most people in the U.S. have been infected by the time they reach age 40. But many don't realize it. You can pick up the virus by handling or exchanging bodily fluids, such as saliva, blood, urine, breast milk, and semen. The virus usually causes only a mild illness. But it can do serious harm to unborn children, people with HIV/AIDS, or others with weak immune systems.

Antibodies are germ-fighting molecules that your immune system makes in response to infection. If you have CMV-specific antibodies in your blood, you may have a CMV infection.

Like other herpes family viruses, CMV hides in the body after the first infection and can flare up again. Later infections tend to be milder. In fact, in adults with a healthy immune system, the first infection may not have any symptoms.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses and usually causes asymptomatic infection after which it remains latent in patients, primarily within bone marrow derived cells. Primary CMV infection in immunocompetent individuals may manifest as a mononucleosis-type syndrome, similar to primary Epstein-Barr virus infection, with fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy.

CMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients, individuals with AIDS, and other immunosuppressed patients due to virus reactivation or from a newly acquired infection. Infection in these patient populations can affect almost any organ and lead to multiorgan failure. CMV is also responsible for congenital disease among newborns and is one of the TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, other infections including syphilis, rubella, CMV, and herpes simplex virus).

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When your CMV IgG is positive, and your CMV IgM is negative, it typically indicates a specific scenario related to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection:

→ Positive CMV IgG: A positive CMV IgG result means that you have been exposed to CMV at some point in the past. It doesn't provide information about the timing of the infection but indicates past exposure.

→ Negative CMV IgM: A negative CMV IgM result suggests that you are not currently experiencing an acute or active CMV infection. CMV IgM antibodies are typically present during an active or recent infection. Their absence in the blood can indicate that the infection is not recent.

In summary, a positive CMV IgG and a negative CMV IgM result mean that you have been exposed to CMV in the past, but it is not currently an active infection. This is often seen in individuals who have had a prior CMV infection, and the virus remains dormant in their body.

It's important to discuss your test results with a healthcare provider for a more comprehensive evaluation and to understand the specific implications in your individual case. Additionally, if you have concerns about CMV or your health, consult with a medical professional for further guidance.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that usually causes no symptoms or only mild illness. CMV testing detects antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the infection or detects CMV directly.

In the United States, as many as 60% of people have been exposed to CMV at some point in their life. Almost 1 out of every 3 children have been exposed to CMV by age 5 and more than half of adults are exposed to CMV by age 40.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that usually causes no symptoms or only mild illness. CMV testing detects antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the infection or detects CMV directly.

In the United States, as many as 60% of people have been exposed to CMV at some point in their life. Almost 1 out of every 3 children have been exposed to CMV by age 5 and more than half of adults are exposed to CMV by age 40.

Cytoskeletal Proteins is the collective name given to intercellular adherent junctions that are involved in the integrity and functionality of the epithelial barrier. The major cytoskeletal proteins assessed in Array 22 are a-actinin, talin and vinculin. Alpha-actinin forms a lattice-like structure and stabilizes the muscle contractile, additionally a-actinin associates with signaling molecules. Talin is found in focal adhesions where it links the transmembrane receptors, integrins, to the actomyosin network and either directly or indirectly interacts with a-actinin and vinculin. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions.

Known Cross-Reactions: Alpha-actinin with anti-ssDNA

D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol produced specifically by Candida spp. The majority of the published literature shows a correlation between serum or urinary D-arabinitol levels and systemic invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised individuals. Several articles have suggested that D-arabinitol is a useful marker for diagnosis of candidiasis in this patient population as well as potentially be a prognostic indicator in a broad range of conditions.

D-Arabinitol is a marker for intestinal yeast overgrowth.

Yeast is another class of microbes that can chronically grow in the intestinal tract and cause adverse health effects through the release of toxic metabolites. D-Arabinitol is uniquely produced by intestinal yeast, and the degree of elevation is a useful marker of their growth.

D-arabinitol is produced from dietary carbohydrates when yeasts are rapidly growing in the low oxygen environment of the small intestine.

D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol produced specifically by Candida spp. The majority of the published literature shows a correlation between serum or urinary D-arabinitol levels and systemic invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised individuals. Several articles have suggested that D-arabinitol is a useful marker for diagnosis of candidiasis in this patient population as well as potentially be a prognostic indicator in a broad range of conditions.

D-Dimer is a protein fragment (small piece) that's made when a blood clot dissolves in your body.

The D-Dimer, Quantitative test is a crucial laboratory tool used primarily to assess the likelihood of clotting disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. This test measures the concentration of D-Dimer, a small protein fragment produced when a blood clot dissolves, in the blood. A normal D-Dimer level can help rule out certain clotting disorders in patients with low or moderate risk, while elevated levels may indicate active clot formation and breakdown. However, elevated D-Dimer levels are not specific to thrombosis and can also be seen in other conditions like infection, inflammation, trauma, or cancer. Therefore, interpreting D-Dimer results requires consideration of the patient's overall clinical condition, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests. A high D-Dimer level alone does not confirm thrombosis but suggests the need for further investigation to identify the underlying cause.

The human body attempts to eliminate xenobiotics (foreign organic chemicals) through a concerted effort of enzymatic “functionalization” (phase I) and conjugation (phase II).

Functionalization involves chemical modification of the xenobiotic by the cytochrome P-450 or the “mixed function oxidase” enzyme systems. Once functionalized, the altered xenobiotic can then be conjugated and excreted.

Urinary D-glucaric acid, a hepatic byproduct of enzymatic response to chemical toxins (phase I), is a reliable indicator of exposure to xenobiotics.

D-Lactate is produced by bacteria residing in the colon when carbohydrates are not completely absorbed in the small intestine. This by-product is excreted in the urine.