Epinephrine is commonly known as adrenaline. Your body naturally produces it during times of stress. The hormone is also necessary for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system — it makes the heart beat more strongly, and diverts blood to tissues during times of stress.

Epinephrine, often better known as adrenaline, is synthesized from norepinephrine in both the CNS and the adrenal medulla. Much like norepinephrine, this excitatory neurotransmitter helps regulate muscle contraction, heart rate, glycogen breakdown, blood pressure and more, and is heavily involved in a stress response. Elevated levels of epinephrine are often associated with hyperactivity, ADHD, anxiety, sleep issues, and low adrenal function. Over time, chronic stress and stimulation can deplete epinephrine stores leading to difficulty concentrating, fatigue, depression, insufficient cortisol production, chronic stress, poor recovery from illness, dizziness and more.

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a monoamine that serves as both a stress hormone and an excitatory neurotransmitter. It is produced by chromaffin cells within the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland and is secreted into the bloodstream during acute stress. Epinephrine rapidly provides the body with the energy and alertness necessary to produce an appropriate response to stressors. It does this by binding to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors throughout the body and changing how various organs function, including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver, eyes, and digestive system. Most of the body's epinephrine acts as a hormone, and only a small amount acts as a neurotransmitter. The catecholamine synthesis pathway begins with the uptake of the amino acid tyrosine into the cytoplasm and ends with the production of epinephrine through a series of enzymatic reactions.

In a Catecholamines, Fractionated, Random Urine test, epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is one of the catecholamines measured. Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. It is also released by certain nerve cells in the sympathetic nervous system.

Epinephrine plays a vital role in the body's "fight or flight" response to stress or danger. When released into the bloodstream, it can have several effects, including increasing heart rate, dilating the airways, and redirecting blood flow to essential organs like the muscles and the brain. These responses prepare the body for quick action in response to a perceived threat.

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a monoamine that serves as both a stress hormone and an excitatory neurotransmitter. It is produced by chromaffin cells within the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland and is secreted into the bloodstream during acute stress. Epinephrine rapidly provides the body with the energy and alertness necessary to produce an appropriate response to stressors. It does this by binding to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors throughout the body and changing how various organs function, including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver, eyes, and digestive system. Most of the body's epinephrine acts as a hormone, and only a small amount acts as a neurotransmitter. The catecholamine synthesis pathway begins with the uptake of the amino acid tyrosine into the cytoplasm and ends with the production of epinephrine through a series of enzymatic reactions.

Epinephrine is commonly known as adrenaline. Your body naturally produces it during times of stress. The hormone is also necessary for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system — it makes the heart beat more strongly, and diverts blood to tissues during times of stress.

The EBV (Epstein Barr) Nuclear Antigen Antibodies, IgG test looks for a type of antibody which the body typically develops in response to Epstein-Barr Virus.

EBNA antibodies usually appear 2-4 months after infection and persist for the life of the person.

This test is usually performed to establish a past infection with EBV.

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) EBNA IgG MFI marker on an EBV panel is a critical serological test used for assessing infection with EBV, particularly for evaluating past or latent infections. EBNA stands for Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen, one of the key proteins expressed by the virus during its latent phase. The IgG (Immunoglobulin G) antibodies against EBNA are typically detected in the later stages of EBV infection and persist long-term, often for the individual's lifetime. The Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) method used in this test quantifies the level of these specific antibodies by measuring the average intensity of fluorescence emitted from labeled antibodies binding to EBNA antigens.

The EBV (Epstein Barr) Nuclear Antigen Antibodies, IgG test looks for a type of antibody which the body typically develops in response to Epstein-Barr Virus.

EBNA antibodies usually appear 2-4 months after infection and persist for the life of the person.

This test is usually performed to establish a past infection with EBV.

The Epstein–Barr virus, also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of the causes of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is a double-stranded, enveloped, linear DNA virus. Lyme disease and infectious mononucleosis are common illnesses that share similar clinical presentations and hence its useful to test together.

EBV-VCA, IgG is an antibody (protein) that is produced by the body in an immune response to an Epstein-Barr virus antigen.

EBV-VCA, IgM is an antibody (protein) that is produced by the body in an immune response to an Epstein-Barr virus antigen.

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a virus of the herpes family, which includes herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis. It is also associated with particular forms of cancer, particularly Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and central nervous system lymphomas associated with HIV. Finally, there is evidence that infection with the virus is associated with a higher risk of certain autoimmune diseases, especially dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) VCA IgG MFI marker is a critical component in the serological assessment for Epstein-Barr virus infection, typically included in a comprehensive EBV panel. This marker specifically measures the Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) of EBV, using a quantitative technique known as Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI). VCA is one of the first antigens expressed during an EBV infection, and the presence of IgG antibodies against it is indicative of a past or current infection.

- One of the most common viruses worldwide; infects 90–95% of the population

- Commonly contracted in childhood and causes mild symptoms

The Estrogen Quotient is a simple ratio of the cancer protective E3 relative to the proliferative estrogens E1 and E2, to assess breast cancer risk.

The higher your E3 is compared to your E1 and E2 levels, the lower your cancer risks may be. 

- Equol is a bacterial-derived metabolite with estrogenic and antioxidant activity. Reductase enzymes secreted by the gut microbiota convert daidzein into equol. Daidzein is an isoflavone from soy, tofu, soy milk, tempeh, miso.

- The ability to produce equol varies among individuals because only people who possess the intestinal bacteria capable of producing equol are regarded as equol producers. Vegetarians reported significantly higher rates of equol production.

- Spot-urine equol levels have been found to correlate strongly with serum concentrations.

- Women with PMS had a significantly higher risk of being an equol nonproducer. Intake of daidzein from soy has been associated with reductions of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders. Isoflavonoid-rich herbal supplement (included daidzein) improved intima-media thickness of carotid arteries (CIMT) and inhibited growth of existing atherosclerotic plaques of postmenopausal women.

The ermB gene, included in the Urinary Tract Infection Panel by RealTime Laboratories, is a significant marker for antibiotic resistance, particularly relevant in the context of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This gene is responsible for conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics, which include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, through a mechanism known as ribosomal methylation. The presence of the ermB gene in urinary pathogens is a critical factor in determining the appropriate antibiotic therapy, as it indicates the potential ineffectiveness of macrolide antibiotics.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) is a relatively simple, inexpensive, non-specific test that has been used for many years to help detect inflammation associated with conditions such as infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are typically absent in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under normal conditions. Their presence can indicate a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), traumatic lumbar puncture (blood contamination during CSF collection), or other conditions such as CNS trauma, severe infections, or tumors causing blood vessel damage. Differentiating between true hemorrhage and a traumatic puncture often involves testing for xanthochromia (a yellow discoloration from hemoglobin breakdown) and analyzing sequential CSF samples for a decreasing erythrocyte count. Elevated erythrocytes in CSF require further evaluation with imaging or additional tests to determine the underlying cause and guide appropriate treatment.