Associated with:

- Insulinoma

- Type 1 Diabetes

- Unexplained Hypoglycemia

- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults

The anti-insulin antibody test checks to see if your body has produced antibodies against insulin.

Antibodies are proteins the body produces to protect itself when it detects anything "foreign," such as a virus or transplanted organ.

A score below 33 is optimal. The insulin resistance score correlates with steady state glucose levels achieved during an insulin suppression test, a standard research test for insulin resistance. The score is based on insulin and C-peptide results.

The Insulin Resistance Score, a pivotal metric in the realm of metabolic health, serves as a critical tool for assessing the body's sensitivity to insulin and identifying the risk of developing conditions like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.

The marker "Insulin, Free (Bioactive)" refers to a test that measures the level of unbound, bioactive insulin in the blood. This measurement is particularly useful for understanding the concentration of insulin that is actively available in the bloodstream, separate from any insulin that may be bound to antibodies. Patients with diabetes, especially those who are being treated with insulin injections, may develop antibodies to insulin. These antibodies can bind to injected insulin, making it difficult to accurately assess how much insulin is freely available to act on cells and regulate blood sugar levels. The "Insulin, Free (Bioactive)" test helps in interpreting blood sugar levels and their relationship to insulin injections in such insulin-treated patients by measuring the portion of insulin that is not bound to antibodies and is free to act on cells. This information can be crucial for managing diabetes effectively, as it provides a clearer picture of the patient's insulin dynamics and how well their treatment regimen is working.

Insulin, Intact, LC/MS/MS is an advanced and precise laboratory test utilized to measure intact insulin levels in the blood, employing the state-of-the-art Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technology. This test stands out for its exceptional accuracy and specificity, making it a crucial tool in diagnosing and managing various disorders related to insulin production and regulation, including diabetes mellitus, insulinoma (a rare tumor of the pancreas that produces insulin), and other metabolic conditions.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that is similar in structure to insulin and works with Growth Hormone to reproduce and regenerate cells.

Growth Hormone, made by the pituitary gland, stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1 and IGF-1 subsequently stimulates growth in cells throughout the body, leading to growth and development (as in the womb and through adolescence), strengthening of tissues (improving bone density, building muscle), and healing (skin, bones, gut lining, etc.), depending on what the body needs. 

IFN-γ is a helper T-cell 1 (Th1)-derived cytokine and plays a critical role for both innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and tumor control.

Interleukin-1-beta, one form of interleukin-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of interleukin-1, interleukin-1-alpha, acts the same as interleukin-1-beta.

Interleukin-10 is an important suppressor of immune responses. 

In vitro studies indicate that Interleukin-10 directly inhibits IL-2 and IL-5 production by TH1 and TH2 cells. Interleukin-10 acts as an immunosuppressor of antigen presenting cells (APC). Interleukin-10 suppresses epidermal Langerhans cell APC function, monocyte chemokines expression, and the bactericidal responses of macrophages. A number of studies suggest that IL-10 plays a role in controlling inflammation, autoimmunity, and angiogenesis.

This family of cytokines plays crucial roles in shaping immune responses during antigen presentation and influence cell-fate decisions of differentiating naïve T cells. They also play essential roles in regulating functions of a variety of effector cells, making IL-12 family cytokines important therapeutic targets or agents in a number of inflammatory diseases, such as the CNS autoimmune diseases, uveitis and multiple sclerosis.

One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-12 is made mainly by B lymphocytes and macrophages. It causes other immune cells to make cytokines and increases the growth of T lymphocytes. It may also block the growth of new blood vessels. Interleukin-12 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-12 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-12.

Interleukin 13 is a mediator of allergic inflammation and different diseases including asthma.

IL-13 is implicated in numerous processes, including a) recruitment of eosinophils and M2 macrophages to the lung, b) induction of mucus secretion into the airways and goblet cell metaplasia, c) proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and d) fibrosis via fibroblast activation and subsequent collagen deposition. 

IL-17A, commonly referred to as IL-17, is involved in normal physiological processes and is also a leading pathogenic cytokine in a wide range of pathologic conditions, including cancer and autoimmune disorders, due to its strong proinflammatory effects. Besides IL-17A, there are five other members structurally related to IL-17A in the IL-17 family, which are IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F.

Soluble Interleukin 2 receptor concentration reflects the immune activation in autoimmune diseases, neoplasms (notably lymphoproliferations), and infections.

Interleukin 2 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced primarily by mitogen- or antigen- activated T lymphocytes.

Interleukin 2 plays a role in promoting the clonal expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic and suppressor T cells. In vitro studies suggest that Interleukin 2 may also be produced by dendritic cells and certain lymphoma cell lines. 

In addition, Interleukin 2 has been shown to mediate multiple immune responses on a variety of cell types.

Interleukin 4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by activated T lymphocytes, CD3+ cells, NK-T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. 

Interleukin 4 has multiple immune response modulation functions on a variety of cell types. It is an important regulator of isotype switching, inducing IgE production in B lymphocytes. It is an important modulator of the differentiation of precursor T helper cells to the TH2 subset that mediates humoral immunity and modulates antibody production. In addition, Interleukin 4 has also been shown to have antitumor activity both in vivo and in vitro.

Interleukin 5 plays a critical role in the host immune response to helminthic infections and has been implicated in the pathology of certain allergic diseases, asthma, and vasculitis. 

Interleukin-6 is involved in inflammation and infection responses and also in the regulation of metabolic, regenerative, and neural processes.

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a promising marker for many clinical conditions and currently being applied by various subspecialties of medicine either for the purpose of rapid diagnosis or as a predictor of prognosis. Nevertheless, IL-8 level increased as a result of many inflammatory conditions, so careful interpretation of IL-8 level is required to make correlation with desired clinical condition's diagnosis or prognosis.

Interleukin-10 is an important suppressor of immune responses. 

In vitro studies indicate that Interleukin-10 directly inhibits IL-2 and IL-5 production by TH1 and TH2 cells. Interleukin-10 acts as an immunosuppressor of antigen presenting cells (APC). Interleukin-10 suppresses epidermal Langerhans cell APC function, monocyte chemokines expression, and the bactericidal responses of macrophages. A number of studies suggest that IL-10 plays a role in controlling inflammation, autoimmunity, and angiogenesis.