Pantothenic acid is an essential B vitamin (=Vitamin B5) that is converted to coenzyme A (unrelated to vitamin A). Coenzyme A is needed for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and acetyl choline and is also needed for the Krebs cycle and fatty acid catabolism.

Pantothenic acid is an essential B vitamin (=Vitamin B5) that is converted to coenzyme A (unrelated to vitamin A). Coenzyme A is needed for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and acetyl choline and is also needed for the Krebs cycle and fatty acid catabolism.

Pantothenic acid is an essential B vitamin (=Vitamin B5) that is converted to coenzyme A (unrelated to vitamin A). Coenzyme A is needed for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and acetyl choline and is also needed for the Krebs cycle and fatty acid catabolism.

PapIG, HPV, Rfx 16/18, refers to a series of tests used in cervical cancer screening.

The Pap test, or Pap smear, is a procedure that collects cells from the cervix to detect precancerous or cancerous cell changes.

HPV refers to the human papillomavirus, a sexually transmitted infection that can cause cervical cancer. Specific strains of HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, are known to be high-risk for developing cervical cancer.

The term "Rfx" stands for "reflex," suggesting a testing protocol where, if an initial test (like an HPV test) is positive, it is followed by a reflex test specifically for the high-risk types 16 and 18. When the results for these tests come back negative, it indicates that no high-risk HPV types are present and that there are no abnormal cell changes on the cervix at the time of testing. This outcome is reassuring, but regular screening is recommended to monitor for any future changes that could develop into cervical cancer.

The presence of organic compounds such as p-Hydroxybenzoate in the urine may point towards significant dysbiosis (=impaired microbiota). p-Hydroxybenzoat may reflect intestsinal overgrowth, usually accomanied by microbal hyperpermeability.

Para-hydroxyphenylacetate, often referred to as P-Hydroxyphenylacetate or PARA, is a metabolite that plays a crucial role in the US BioTek Organic Acids panel, a diagnostic tool used in functional medicine and clinical assessments. PARA is a key intermediate in the degradation pathway of the amino acid tyrosine and is produced during the breakdown of tyrosine in the body. Elevated levels of PARA on the panel can provide valuable insights into various metabolic and enzymatic processes. An abnormal PARA level can be indicative of issues related to tyrosine metabolism, such as deficiencies in enzymes like phenylalanine hydroxylase or tyrosine aminotransferase. It can also suggest disruptions in gut microbiota, as some bacteria produce PARA as a metabolic byproduct.

p-hydroxyphenyllactate is a marker of cell turnover. It is also a metabolite in tyrosine degradation and may be useful for studying disorders of tyrosine metabolism.

Parabacteroides goldsteinii is a species of anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. Known for its potential health benefits, it's considered a next-generation probiotic. This bacterium often shows up in results from a BiomeFX panel, a sophisticated test used to analyze the gut microbiome's composition. As part of the Bacteroidetes group, it's crucial for maintaining a healthy gut environment. Parabacteroides goldsteinii plays a significant role in breaking down complex carbohydrates, aiding digestion, and producing short-chain fatty acids that are essential for gut health and provide energy to colon cells. Additionally, this bacterium helps maintain a balanced immune system by interacting with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which is vital for immune responses.

The abundance of Parabacteroides spp., major anaerobic producers of acetate and succinate is increased with a high fat diet and is positively correlated with body weight. Parabacteroides spp., along with certain Bacteroides spp., have been shown to distinguish healthy adults from patients with irritable bowel syndrome or ulcerative colitis. Reduced abundance of this group of bacteria has also been linked to Crohn’s disease in children. Parabacteroides spp. has been found to be less abundant in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Parabacteroides merdae is a prominent bacterium in the human gut microbiota, often assessed in gut health panels due to its significant role in maintaining digestive health and contributing to the gut’s metabolic activities. This anaerobic bacterium is known for its involvement in the fermentation of dietary fibers, leading to the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate and propionate, which are crucial for colon health. Parabacteroides merdae also plays a part in modulating the immune system and protecting against pathogenic bacteria. Its presence in balanced levels is often considered a marker of a healthy and diverse microbiota. Alterations in its abundance can be associated with various gastrointestinal conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and metabolic disorders. Monitoring Parabacteroides merdae on a gut test panel provides valuable insights into an individual’s gut health and can guide dietary and therapeutic interventions to restore and maintain a balanced gut ecosystem.

The abundance of Parabacteroides spp., major anaerobic producers of acetate and succinate is increased with a high fat diet and is positively correlated with body weight. Parabacteroides spp., along with certain Bacteroides spp., have been shown to distinguish healthy adults from patients with irritable bowel syndrome or ulcerative colitis. Reduced abundance of this group of bacteria has also been linked to Crohn’s disease in children. Parabacteroides spp. has been found to be less abundant in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Parabens are a class of chemical used as preservatives and have bactericidal and fungicidal properties. Parabens are used in many personal care and beauty products, and pharmaceuticals.

Parabens are man-made chemicals often used in small amounts as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods, and beverages. Common parabens are methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. Often more than one paraben is used in a single product.