Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

The SCL-70 antibody test is a blood test used to detect antibodies against topoisomerase I, an enzyme found in the nucleus of cells. These antibodies are part of the antinuclear antibody (ANA) family and are often associated with certain autoimmune conditions—most notably systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).

This test helps doctors evaluate symptoms such as skin thickening, joint pain, fatigue, or shortness of breath that may be related to autoimmune diseases.

ADMA/SDMA may be measured in individuals with multiple risk factors for the development of CVD.

SDMA is primarily excreted in the urine and identifies reduced renal function.

One of the earliest manifestations of endothelial dysfunction is nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, which promotes atherosclerosis. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), its structural isomer, are metabolites of L-arginine, an amino acid that is catalyzed to L-citrulline and NO by nitric oxide synthase (NOS).

Both ADMA and SDMA have distinct pathophysiologies and manifestations. ADMA is a competitive inhibitor of NOS thereby reducing NO production and promoting endothelial dysfunction. SDMA also interferes with NO production, but does so indirectly by reducing the cellular availability of arginine. ADMA is primarily cleared through enzymatic degradation in the bloodstream and its presence identifies subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Conversely, SDMA is primarily excreted in the urine and identifies reduced renal function.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Fecal Secretory IgA is a marker of gut secretory immunity and barrier function.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity and is produced in greater quantities than all other types of antibody combined.

In its secretory form, Secretory IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions and provides protection against potentially pathogenic microbes, due to its ability to resist degradation by enzymes and survive in harsh environments such as GI and respiratory tracts.

Every mucosal membrane surface such as the eyes, nose, throat, and gastrointestinal system represent a large portal of entry for pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and yeasts. Secretory IgA (sIgA) is the predominant antibody found on these mucosal membranes, and represents the body’s first line of defense. SIgA levels change in response to stress.

Fecal Secretory IgA is a marker of gut secretory immunity and barrier function.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity and is produced in greater quantities than all other types of antibody combined.

In its secretory form, Secretory IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions and provides protection against potentially pathogenic microbes, due to its ability to resist degradation by enzymes and survive in harsh environments such as GI and respiratory tracts.

As the most abundant class of antibody found in the human intestinal lumen, secretory IgA (sIgA) is recognized as a first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from enteric pathogens and toxins. It is used to assess gastrointestinal barrier function.

As the most abundant class of antibody found in the human intestinal lumen, secretory IgA (sIgA) is recognized as a first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from enteric pathogens and toxins. It is used to assess gastrointestinal barrier function.

The marker Sed Rate by Modified Westergren, also known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or sedimentation rate, is a common blood test used by doctors to measure inflammation in the body, which is the natural response to injury or infection, often involving the immune system.

This test specifically looks at how quickly red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube over the course of one hour. The faster the red blood cells settle, the higher the sed rate, indicating potential inflammation.