Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein. Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts.

If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments.

Within the metabolism of tyrosine to form neurotransmitters and other hormones, there are several important nutrient cofactors involved including vitamin B1, vitamin B6, tetrahydrobiopterin, copper, vitamin C, among others.

Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein. Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts. If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments. Within the metabolism of tyrosine to form neurotransmitters and other hormones, there are several important nutrient cofactors involved including vitamin B1, vitamin B6, tetrahydrobiopterin, copper, vitamin C, among others.

Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein.

Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts.

If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments.

Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein. Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts. If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments. Within the metabolism of tyrosine to form neurotransmitters and other hormones, there are several important nutrient cofactors involved including vitamin B1, vitamin B6, tetrahydrobiopterin, copper, vitamin C, among others.

Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein. Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts. If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments. Within the metabolism of tyrosine to form neurotransmitters and other hormones, there are several important nutrient cofactors involved including vitamin B1, vitamin B6, tetrahydrobiopterin, copper, vitamin C, among others.

Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein.

Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts.

If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments.

Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein. Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts. If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments. Within the metabolism of tyrosine to form neurotransmitters and other hormones, there are several important nutrient cofactors involved including vitamin B1, vitamin B6, tetrahydrobiopterin, copper, vitamin C, among others.

Tyrosin is the non-essential amino acid precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine into the dopamine precursor L-DOPA; BH4, Vitamin D and iron are cofactors for that enzymatic activity.

- A higher protein intake or supplementation results in increased levels.

- Low protein intake or inflammation can lead to lower levels.

- Nutrient cofactors of tyrosine pathways include BH4, non-heme iron, vitamins B6 and B3, copper, niacin, vitamin C, magnesium, and SAMe.

- Elevated tyrosine is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes and a higher body mass index.

- Tyrosine-supplementation effects on cognition vary – unfavorable effects were noted on working-memory performance in older adults.

- Higher tyrosine was related to better cognitive skills in younger adults.

- Urine and blood tyrosine were noted to be lower in depression.

Tyrosin is the non-essential amino acid precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine into the dopamine precursor L-DOPA; BH4, Vitamin D and iron are cofactors for that enzymatic activity.

Tyzzerella, a genus of bacteria identified in comprehensive gut tests, is part of the intricate ecosystem of the human gut microbiome. Though not as widely recognized as some other bacterial genera, Tyzzerella plays its own unique role in gut health and functionality. The presence and levels of Tyzzerella, along with other bacterial species, are analyzed in gut tests to provide a deeper understanding of the microbiome's composition and health.

The specific role of Tyzzerella in the gut is an area of ongoing research, but like many gut bacteria, it's believed to be involved in the breakdown and fermentation of dietary components, contributing to overall gut function. The bacteria in the Tyzzerella group may participate in the metabolism of certain carbohydrates and fibers, aiding in the digestive process and the production of beneficial metabolites. These metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are crucial for maintaining gut barrier integrity, modulating the immune system, and providing energy to colon cells.

Shows inverse associations with diet quality. [L]

The marker Tyzzerella 4 is a fascinating and important component when it comes to understanding gut health. This marker is part of a comprehensive test offered by Vibrant Wellness that evaluates the microbiome, or the community of bacteria and other microorganisms, living in the human gut. Tyzzerella 4 refers to a specific type of bacteria that has been identified and included in the panel for its potential significance in the digestive system's health and overall wellbeing.

In the context of the Gut Zoomer panel, the presence, absence, or abundance of Tyzzerella 4 can provide valuable insights. For instance, certain levels of this bacterium might be associated with health conditions, digestive function, or the effectiveness of the gut barrier. The Gut Zoomer panel aims to give a detailed snapshot of the gut's microbial landscape, enabling healthcare providers to tailor recommendations for diet, lifestyle, or treatment to improve gut health and, by extension, general health.

U1-snRNP antibodies, also referred to as U1-RNP and Smith (Sm)/RNP, target 3 components of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex: U1-snRNP RNP A, U1-snRNP RNP C, and U1-snRNP RNP-70kd.

These antibodies, found in 2% to 14% of SSc patients, are more frequent in lcSSc than in dcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc).

In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc.

CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSC but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

The antibodies are also found in patients with other autoimmune diseases, including approximately 90% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease.

U1-snRNP antibodies, also referred to as U1-RNP and Smith (Sm)/RNP, target 3 components of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex: U1-snRNP RNP A, U1-snRNP RNP C, and U1-snRNP RNP-70kd.

These antibodies, found in 2% to 14% of SSc patients, are more frequent in lcSSc than in dcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc).

In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc.

CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSC but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

The antibodies are also found in patients with other autoimmune diseases, including approximately 90% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease.

U1-snRNP antibodies, also referred to as U1-RNP and Smith (Sm)/RNP, target 3 components of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex: U1-snRNP RNP A, U1-snRNP RNP C, and U1-snRNP RNP-70kd.

These antibodies, found in 2% to 14% of SSc patients, are more frequent in lcSSc than in dcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc).

In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc.

CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSC but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

The antibodies are also found in patients with other autoimmune diseases, including approximately 90% of patients with mixed connective tissue disease.

Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity (UIBC) is an important marker often measured in blood tests to evaluate iron status in the body. Essentially, UIBC represents the reserve capacity of transferrin, a protein that binds iron and transports it through the bloodstream. When a healthcare provider measures UIBC, they are determining how much transferrin is not currently bound to iron. This information is crucial because it helps to assess whether there is too much or too little iron in the body. For instance, a high UIBC indicates that there is a large amount of transferrin available for binding, which usually suggests iron deficiency. Conversely, a low UIBC might indicate that most of the transferrin is already saturated with iron, pointing to conditions like iron overload or hemochromatosis. By combining UIBC with other iron-related tests, such as serum iron and Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC), healthcare providers can gain a comprehensive understanding of a patient's iron metabolism. This helps in diagnosing various conditions related to iron imbalances, enabling appropriate treatment plans to be formulated.

Unsaturated/Saturated Ratio Index Includes: 

- Omega 3 FA (EPA, DHA, ALA)

- Omega 6 FA (LA, AA, DA)

- Saturated FA (Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic)

-- Increasing polyunsaturated (PUFA) intake lowers LDL-C and decreases heart disease risk.

-- Increased intake of PUFA lowers LDL-C by increasing LDL receptor activity.

The pyrimidine metabolites are markers of folate metabolism. The two markers are uracil and thymine. Folate acts as a methyl donor in converting uracil to thymine.

Elevated values of uracil suggest folic acid deficiency. Folate is needed to convert uracil to thymine by methylation.