Urinary tungsten (W) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent. W doesn’t have physiological functions in the body, and has low toxic potential with oral exposure.

About 50% of W appears to be rapidly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract, and excretion from the body is primarily via the urinary route. W is highly absorbed via inhalation of dust and fumes. In the body W is antagonistic to the essential element molybdenum which is important for the conversion of sulfite to essential sulfate, and for the production of uric acid. Thereby, excess W may impair physiological reactions and be associated with sulfite sensitivity (wine, eggs, etc.) and/or low levels of uric acid in blood.

Low uric acid is not necessarily consequential, but rather may be an indicator of functional molybdenum insufficiency.

Tungsten is found in electric lamps, television tubes, car distributors, electrical furnaces, and x-ray targets. It is used in metal evaporation work. Inhaled tungsten has been associated with pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and neurosensory and cognitive deficits. Oral exposure is suspected to cause reproductive, neurological, and developmental effects. 

Sources:

- Filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work.

- Electrical contact points for car distributors

- X-ray targets

- Windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces

- Missile and high-temperature applications

Fecal tungsten (W) provides an indication of recent oral exposure to the element, and to a much lesser extent W that has been excreted from the body in bile. About 50% of W appears to be rapidly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract, and excretion from the body is primarily via the urinary route.

Tungsten is highly absorbed via inhalation. W doesn’t have physiological functions in the body. In the body W is antagonistic to the essential element molybdenum which is important for the conversion of sulfite to essential sulfate, and for the production of uric acid.

Thereby, excess W may impair physiological reactions and be associated with sulfite sensitivity (wine, eggs, etc.) and/or low levels of uric acid in blood. Low uric acid is not necessarily consequential, but rather may be an indicator of functional molybdenum insufficiency.

The Typhoid vaccine is an important immunization that protects against typhoid fever, a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and it poses a significant health risk, especially in regions with poor sanitation. The vaccine is highly recommended for travelers to areas where typhoid is common, such as parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There are two main types of typhoid vaccines: an inactivated injectable vaccine and a live, attenuated oral vaccine. Both are effective, but protection is not lifelong, so booster doses may be necessary. Staying up-to-date with your typhoid vaccination is crucial for preventing this potentially life-threatening illness.

Tyramine is a trace amine derived from tyrosine, found naturally in food. Tyramine has vasoconstrictive properties and can increase blood pressure and trigger migraines.

Tyrosine enhances cognitive performance, energy, and alertness, and improves memory after sleep deprivation.

Tyrosin is the non-essential amino acid precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine into the dopamine precursor L-DOPA; BH4, Vitamin D and iron are cofactors for that enzymatic activity.

Tyrosine enhances cognitive performance, energy, and alertness, and improves memory after sleep deprivation.

Tyrosin is the non-essential amino acid precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine into the dopamine precursor L-DOPA; BH4, Vitamin D and iron are cofactors for that enzymatic activity.

- A higher protein intake or supplementation results in increased levels.

- Low protein intake or inflammation can lead to lower levels.

- Nutrient cofactors of tyrosine pathways include BH4, non-heme iron, vitamins B6 and B3, copper, niacin, vitamin C, magnesium, and SAMe.

- Elevated tyrosine is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes and a higher body mass index.

- Tyrosine-supplementation effects on cognition vary – unfavorable effects were noted on working-memory performance in older adults.

- Higher tyrosine was related to better cognitive skills in younger adults.

- Urine and blood tyrosine were noted to be lower in depression.