Cladosporium, a well known trigger for asthmatic attacks, is one of the most widespread molds.

Cladosporium includes about 40 species naturally found in soil, on decaying plant material and as plant pathogens. 

In an indoor environment, Cladosporium spp. occur as secondary wall colonizers, appearing after the primary ones such as Penicillium species, Aspergillus versicolor and Wallemia sebi. Cladosporiumis very common on wet building material (e.g., gypsum board, acrylic painted walls, wood, wallpaper, carpet and mattress dust, HVAC fans, and wet insulation in mechanical cooling units).

Cladosporium, a well known trigger for asthmatic attacks, is one of the most widespread molds.

Cladosporium includes about 40 species naturally found in soil, on decaying plant material and as plant pathogens. 

In an indoor environment, Cladosporium spp. occur as secondary wall colonizers, appearing after the primary ones such as Penicillium species, Aspergillus versicolor and Wallemia sebi. Cladosporiumis very common on wet building material (e.g., gypsum board, acrylic painted walls, wood, wallpaper, carpet and mattress dust, HVAC fans, and wet insulation in mechanical cooling units).

Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

The term motility refers to the movement of a man’s sperm. The analysis assesses whether or not the sperm are swimming properly and in a straight line. Sperm receive a letter grade from A to D, with an A given to the fastest, straightest swimmers and a D given to those that don’t move at all. 

Class A - They are fast progressive sperms that swim quickly in a straightforward direction.

Class-switched CD27+IgD-IgM- B cells represent a subset of memory B cells that have undergone immunoglobulin class switching, a process in which B cells switch from producing IgM and IgD to producing other immunoglobulin isotypes such as IgG, IgA, or IgE. These cells are defined by the expression of CD27, a marker of memory B cells, and the absence of IgD and IgM on their surface. Class-switched memory B cells play a vital role in adaptive immunity, enabling the production of high-affinity antibodies in response to antigens encountered during prior infections or vaccinations. Alterations in the percentage of class-switched memory B cells can indicate disruptions in immune function. For instance, reduced levels are associated with immunodeficiencies, chronic infections, and certain autoimmune diseases, whereas elevated levels may occur in hyperactive immune states. Evaluating the proportion of these cells provides valuable insights into the immune system’s ability to mount an effective and targeted response to pathogens and immunological challenges.

Class-switched CD27+IgD-IgM- antibodies refer to immunoglobulins produced by class-switched memory B cells that express CD27 but lack surface IgD and IgM. These antibodies result from immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), a process enabling B cells to produce IgG, IgA, or IgE isotypes instead of IgM and IgD, thereby enhancing immune specificity and functionality. Class-switched antibodies are pivotal in adaptive immunity, offering high-affinity responses tailored to neutralize specific pathogens or toxins encountered during prior infections or vaccinations. Dysregulation in the production or function of these antibodies can indicate immune dysfunction. Reduced levels are often associated with conditions such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) or chronic infections, while aberrant production may occur in autoimmune diseases or allergic responses. Evaluating class-switched antibodies provides crucial insights into the immune system’s ability to mount targeted, long-term defenses and adapt to immunological challenges.

This trematode infects the bile ducts. Infection occurs through consumption of encysted metacercariae in raw, dried, or pickled fish imported from endemic areas, which include Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

Light infection is usually asymptomatic. Most pathologic manifestations result from inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts. In the acute phase, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and eosinophilia can occur. In long-standing infections cholangitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, portal fibrosis, and cholangiocarcinoma can develop.

Praziquantel (25 mg/kg tid x 1 day, adult dose) is considered the most effective drug. Natural agents include elecampane, costus, and quassia.

Markers in this class are important producers of short-chain fatty acids, and have many well-documented roles in promoting a healthy intestinal barrier, immune balance, and protection against pathogens.

Markers in this class are important producers of short-chain fatty acids, and have many well-documented roles in promoting a healthy intestinal barrier, immune balance, and protection against pathogens.

Clostridia clusters XIVa represent a significant component of the human gut microbiome, particularly within the Firmicutes phylum. This cluster is predominantly composed of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. These organisms are known for their diverse metabolic capabilities, which play a crucial role in the fermentation of dietary fibers and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, propionate, and acetate. Butyrate, in particular, is vital for maintaining colonic health, as it serves as the primary energy source for colonocytes, aids in the maintenance of the gut barrier function, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. The presence and abundance of Clostridia clusters XIVa, as measured in such panels, can provide valuable insights into gut health, with deviations from normal levels being potentially indicative of dysbiosis or altered gut function.

The marker "Clostridiales Family XIV Incertae Sedis" pertains to a specific, yet not fully classified, group within the Clostridiales order, underlining the complexity and ongoing exploration in the realm of gut microbiota research. This group, labeled "Incertae Sedis," meaning "of uncertain placement," comprises bacteria that have not yet been definitively categorized into a known family due to the current limitations in bacterial taxonomy and the rapid evolution of genomic sequencing technologies. These microorganisms, residing in the human gastrointestinal tract, are anaerobic and predominantly Gram-positive. They play a pivotal role in the gut ecosystem, primarily involved in the fermentation of dietary fibers and the resultant production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), like butyrate, propionate, and acetate.