The CD4 cells are Helper T-cells expressing both CD3 and CD4.

CD4 T-cells levels are a criterion for categorizing HIV-related clinical conditions by CDC's classification system for HIV infection. The measurement of CD4 T-cell levels has been used to establish decision points for initiating P. jirovecii prophylaxis, antiviral therapy and to monitor the efficacy of treatment. The Public Health Service (PHS) has recommended that CD4 T-cell levels be monitored every 3 to 6 months in all HIV-infected persons.

During HIV infection, antiviral therapy is often initiated when the absolute CD4 count drops below 500 cells/µL. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 200 cells/µL, therapeutic prophylaxis against PCP and other opportunistic infections may be initiated. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 100 cells/µL, prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex is recommended.

The CD4 cells are Helper T-cells expressing both CD3 and CD4.

CD4 T-cells levels are a criterion for categorizing HIV-related clinical conditions by CDC's classification system for HIV infection. The measurement of CD4 T-cell levels has been used to establish decision points for initiating P. jirovecii prophylaxis, antiviral therapy and to monitor the efficacy of treatment. The Public Health Service (PHS) has recommended that CD4 T-cell levels be monitored every 3 to 6 months in all HIV-infected persons.

During HIV infection, antiviral therapy is often initiated when the absolute CD4 count drops below 500 cells/µL. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 200 cells/µL, therapeutic prophylaxis against PCP and other opportunistic infections may be initiated. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 100 cells/µL, prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex is recommended.

This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

CD4 and CD8 are two types of white blood cells in your blood. CD4 cells are also called T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. They help the body fight infections. CD8 cells are also called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They help fight cancer and germs that live inside your cells (intracellular pathogens).

The absolute number of all CD8 cells, which include both killer and suppressor T cells. The normal range for an HIV-negative person is 150 to 1,000. It is usually higher in a person with HIV.

The CD19 antigen (aka B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 or Cluster of Differentiation 19) plays an important role in clinical oncology. It’s a protein found on the surface of B-cells, a type of white blood cell.

CD3+ cells are all T-lymphocytes, which includes both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte cells.

This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

The CD4 cells are Helper T-cells expressing both CD3 and CD4.

CD4 T-cells levels are a criterion for categorizing HIV-related clinical conditions by CDC's classification system for HIV infection. The measurement of CD4 T-cell levels has been used to establish decision points for initiating P. jirovecii prophylaxis, antiviral therapy and to monitor the efficacy of treatment. The Public Health Service (PHS) has recommended that CD4 T-cell levels be monitored every 3 to 6 months in all HIV-infected persons.

During HIV infection, antiviral therapy is often initiated when the absolute CD4 count drops below 500 cells/µL. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 200 cells/µL, therapeutic prophylaxis against PCP and other opportunistic infections may be initiated. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 100 cells/µL, prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex is recommended.

Reference Ranges:

18-55 years: 0.99-3.15 thou/mcL

>55 years: 1.00-3.33 thou/mcL

The absolute CD45 count is a measurement of the total number of lymphocytes in a blood sample. CD45 is a surface marker expressed on all white blood cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes.

The absolute CD45 count provides information about the overall quantity of lymphocytes present, which can be clinically relevant in evaluating various immune system disorders or conditions that affect lymphocyte levels. 

For example, low absolute CD45 counts may be seen in immunodeficiency disorders, while elevated counts can occur in certain infections, autoimmune diseases, or blood cancers.

This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

CD4 and CD8 are two types of white blood cells in your blood. CD4 cells are also called T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. They help the body fight infections. CD8 cells are also called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They help fight cancer and germs that live inside your cells (intracellular pathogens).

The absolute number of all CD8 cells, which include both killer and suppressor T cells. The normal range for an HIV-negative person is 150 to 1,000. It is usually higher in a person with HIV.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found in the body. They serve in several major roles in our immune system including identification of and response to invading organism. Your healthcare professional may assess lymphocyte levels when a white blood cell count came back as abnormal.

Absolute Reticulocyte Count (ARC) is a critical blood test used to assess the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells (RBCs), essential for diagnosing and managing various hematological conditions. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, and their absolute count indicates the rate of RBC production. This test is particularly vital for patients with anemia or those undergoing treatments like chemotherapy, as it helps determine whether the bone marrow is responding adequately.

The Absolute T-Suppressor Cells marker is an important measurement that gives doctors a closer look at a specific part of your immune system. T-suppressor cells, also known as CD8+ cells, play a critical role in managing and regulating your body's immune response. These cells are like the body's own regulatory officials, working to calm the immune system down and prevent it from overreacting, which can be just as harmful as underreacting. The "absolute" part of the marker's name refers to the actual count of these T-suppressor cells in a sample of your blood, giving a clear picture of how many are present to perform their crucial function.

Absorption markers on the Boston Heart Cholesterol Balance® test provide crucial insights into how effectively cholesterol is being absorbed in the body. These markers include beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and cholestanol, which are key indicators of cholesterol absorption from the intestine. Beta-sitosterol and campesterol, both plant sterols, are absorbed into intestinal cells and serve as excellent indicators of cholesterol absorption efficiency. Cholestanol, another absorption marker, reflects the conversion of cholesterol into bile acid chenodoxycholate. By measuring these markers in plasma or serum, the test can predict a patient's response to cholesterol-lowering treatments such as statins and ezetimibe. This information helps healthcare providers tailor treatment plans to optimize cholesterol management and improve cardiovascular health outcomes.

AC/FC, which stands for Acylcarnitine to Free Carnitine ratio, is an important marker used in the assessment of metabolic health, particularly in diagnosing and managing metabolic disorders related to fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine is a vital molecule that helps transport fatty acids into the mitochondria, the energy powerhouses of cells, where they are broken down to produce energy. The AC/FC ratio reflects the balance between acylcarnitines, which are fatty acids bound to carnitine, and free carnitine, which is available for further transport activities. This ratio can provide insights into how efficiently the body is processing and utilizing fatty acids.

The IBD Expanded Panel test offers three novel markers:

- antichitobioside IgA (ACCA),

- antilaminaribioside IgG (ALCA),

- antimannobioside IgG (AMCA),

together with anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae IgG (gASCA) and pANCA.

The ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) test is a blood test that measures the amount of ACE, an enzyme that plays a role in blood pressure regulation. Higher levels of ACE can be an indicator of sarcoidosis, a complex disease with an unclear cause that typically impacts the lungs and can also involve various organs such as the eyes, skin, nerves, liver, and heart.

Sarcoidosis is characterized by the formation of granulomas—clustered masses of immune cells, inflammatory cells, and fibrous tissue. These granulomas can alter the normal structure of tissues, potentially leading to organ damage and inflammation if they are numerous enough. The presence of these granulomas, especially around their outer edges, can lead to elevated ACE levels in the blood.

Acetate is the most abundant SCFA in the colon and makes up more than half of the total SCFA detected in feces. These beneficial SCFA have anti-inflammatory properties, provide energy to nourish the colonic epithelial cells and intestinal microbiota, and exert numerous positive effects on gut homeostasis.

Acetate is the most abundant SCFA in the colon and makes up more than half of the total SCFA detected in feces. These beneficial SCFA have anti-inflammatory properties, provide energy to nourish the colonic epithelial cells and intestinal microbiota, and exert numerous positive effects on gut homeostasis.