What are ketones?

Ketones are produced when the body burns fat for energy. Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from carbohydrates in your diet. But stored fat is broken down and ketones are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (glucose) for energy or if your body can't use blood sugar (glucose) properly.

Having some ketones in your urine is normal. However, high ketone levels in urine may be a sign of too much acid in your body (ketoacidosis). The most common and life-threatening type of ketoacidosis is a complication of diabetes called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). If left untreated DKA can cause damage to organs and even death. This is why it is important to know the signs of ketonuria and when to check your ketone levels with a urine or blood test.

Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.

Klebsiella are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria. Array 12 assesses immune reactivity to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae uti.

Klebsiella are non-motile, Gramnegative rods that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family.

Klebsiella bacteria are considered commensal but act as opportunistic bacteria in the GI tract.

Klebsiellais a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.

Klebsiella is part of the normal intestinal flora.

Klebsiella spp. are gram-negative bacilli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family and closely related to the genera Enterobacter and Serratia. Klebsiella spp. are considered dysbiotic in the amount of 3 - 4 +. Klebsiella spp. are widely distributed in nature and in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. In humans, they may colonize the skin, oral cavity, pharynx, or gastrointestinal tract. Regarded as normal flora in many parts of the colon, intestinal tract and biliary tract, the gut is the main reservoir of opportunistic strains.

This bacteria has the potential to cause intestinal, lung, urinary tract, and wound infections, but overgrowth of Klebsiella spp. is commonly asymptomatic.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. Common residents of the oral cavity and respiratory tract. May cause diarrhea, gas, abdominal pain, and bloating; Common after long-term antibiotic use; May release histamine in the gut; High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity.

Klebsiella spp. are gram-negative bacilli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family and closely related to the genera Enterobacter and Serratia. Klebsiella spp. are considered dysbiotic in the amount of 3 - 4 +. Klebsiella spp. are widely distributed in nature and in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. In humans, they may colonize the skin, oral cavity, pharynx, or gastrointestinal tract. Regarded as normal flora in many parts of the colon, intestinal tract and biliary tract, the gut is the main reservoir of opportunistic strains.

This bacteria has the potential to cause intestinal, lung, urinary tract, and wound infections, but overgrowth of Klebsiella spp. is commonly asymptomatic.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. Common residents of the oral cavity and respiratory tract. May cause diarrhea, gas, abdominal pain, and bloating; Common after long-term antibiotic use; May release histamine in the gut; High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity.

When K. pneumoniae enters the urinary tract, it can lead to a UTI. A UTI can affect any part of the urinary system, including the urethra, kidneys, bladder, and ureters. Symptoms include a strong, frequent need to urinate, burning sensation during urination, pelvic pain, and cloudy, bloody, or strong-smelling urine. Women are at a greater risk for UTIs than men.

As a gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile bacterium, it is inherently resistant to multiple antibiotics, making its role in UTIs particularly concerning. Klebsiella pneumoniae primarily inhabits the gastrointestinal tract but can become opportunistic in immunocompromised individuals or when introduced into typically sterile areas like the urinary tract. UTIs caused by this bacterium are often more complicated to treat due to its resistance to commonly used antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins.

Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp (subspecies) is known for its thick, prominent capsule, which is a key virulence factor. This capsule helps the bacteria evade the host's immune response, allowing it to establish infection more effectively. When it infects the urinary tract, it can lead to a range of symptoms, from mild bladder infections (cystitis) to severe kidney infections (pyelonephritis). The presence of this bacterium in the urinary tract can be particularly dangerous in hospital settings, where it may cause nosocomial infections.

The treatment of UTIs caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae often requires the use of more potent antibiotics, such as carbapenems or aminoglycosides, which are reserved for more severe infections due to their potential side effects and the risk of further promoting antibiotic resistance.

Klebsiella spp. are gram-negative bacilli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family and closely related to the genera Enterobacter and Serratia. Klebsiella spp. are widely distributed in nature and in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. In humans, they may colonize the skin, oral cavity, pharynx, or gastrointestinal tract.

Klebsiella are non-motile, Gramnegative rods that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Klebsiella bacteria are considered commensal but act as opportunistic bacteria in the GI tract. Klebsiellais a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.

Klebsiella is part of the normal intestinal flora. The environment likely acts as a reservoir for human acquisition, either as colonization or infection. It is frequently found in water, sewage, soil, and plant surfaces.

Klebsiella are non-motile, Gramnegative rods that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Klebsiella bacteria are considered commensal but act as opportunistic bacteria in the GI tract. Klebsiellais a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.

Klebsiella is part of the normal intestinal flora. The environment likely acts as a reservoir for human acquisition, either as colonization or infection. It is frequently found in water, sewage, soil, and plant surfaces.

Klebsiella are non-motile, Gramnegative rods that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Klebsiella bacteria are considered commensal but act as opportunistic bacteria in the GI tract. Klebsiellais a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections.

Klebsiella is part of the normal intestinal flora. The environment likely acts as a reservoir for human acquisition, either as colonization or infection. It is frequently found in water, sewage, soil, and plant surfaces.