Linked to Parkinson’s disease

The CMV Latent marker is a laboratory test result used to determine if a person has been previously infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and if the virus is present in a dormant state in their body. CMV is a widespread virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family. While it can infect anyone, most healthy individuals with CMV do not show symptoms and may not even be aware they have it. Once a person is infected, the virus remains in their body for life, typically lying dormant or "latent" within certain cells.

The CMV lytic marker is a term used in medical testing to detect the active phase of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. CMV is a common virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family, and while it can infect anyone, it often remains dormant in the body after the initial infection.

When the virus is in its lytic phase, it means that it is actively replicating and producing new virus particles, which can potentially cause symptoms or complications, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as transplant recipients, people with HIV/AIDS, or those undergoing chemotherapy.

Cytomegalovirus is a common virus that usually causes no or only mild symptoms. Cytomegalovirus testing detects antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the infection or detects CMV directly.

Cobalt is an essential trace element that is part of the NutriStat Basic Profile by US BioTek, and it plays a crucial role in our overall health. Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which is vital for red blood cell production, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. When you see cobalt levels measured in your profile, it’s usually reflecting your body's intake and utilization of vitamin B12.

Hair may be used for monitoring excess exposure to cobalt (Co). However, hair is occasionally contaminated by external Co from some hair treatments. If an individual’s hair has been treated with permanent solutions, dyes, or bleach, the Co levels may not be indicative of body Co accumulation.

Humans absorb Co both as inorganic Co and as vitamin B-12; the body pools of each fluctuate independently. Humans cannot convert inorganic Co to vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-12 provides the only documented function of Co in humans. Thus, a high hair Co level does not mean that vitamin B-12 levels are high or even adequate.

The Cobalt (Urine) biomarker helps assess your body’s cobalt levels and whether you may have been exposed to an unhealthy amount of this metal. While cobalt is essential in small amounts, elevated levels can signal an underlying issue that requires further evaluation. If you have concerns about your test results, it’s best to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the next steps.

Cobalt (Co) is an essential trace element due to its well-known role in vitamin B12, important in hematopoiesis and thyroid function. The consequences of B12 deficiency are well known, including central nervous system complaints, pernicious anemia, and potentially fatal macrocytic anemia. Ingested cobalt is largely excreted in urine. Whole-blood cobalt was detected at approximately 0.17 μg/L in patients awaiting surgery. Toxicity may occur at cobalt intakes above 300 mg/d, although even therapeutic doses at 29.5 mg/d have been associated with toxicity, including goiter, hypothyroidism, and heart failure. 

Hair may be used for monitoring excess exposure to cobalt (Co). However, hair is occasionally contaminated by external Co from some hair treatments. If an individual’s hair has been treated with permanent solutions, dyes, or bleach, the Co levels may not be indicative of body Co accumulation.

Humans absorb Co both as inorganic Co and as vitamin B-12; the body pools of each fluctuate independently. Humans cannot convert inorganic Co to vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-12 provides the only documented function of Co in humans. Thus, a high hair Co level does not mean that vitamin B-12 levels are high or even adequate.

Cobalt is an alkaline-forming and somewhat toxic element.  It is widely distributed in foods.  It is required for the formation of vitamin B12, also called cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin.

Sources Of Cobalt

Meats (as vitamin B12)

Roles In The Body

Needed for the formation of vitamin B12 - blood formation, nervous system

FOOD SOURCES OF COBALT

Seafood - sardines, salmon, herring

Meat/Organs - liver, kidney

Nuts/seeds - peanuts

Vegetables - peas, okra

Dairy - butter

Grains - buckwheat, wheat bran, wheat germ

Miscellaneous - molasses, raw sugar, cornstarch, cornmeal, some artificial prosthetic hips

Coccidioides Antibodies by Complement Fixation (CF) is a serological blood test used to detect antibodies produced by the body in response to the fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis/posadasii. This test is employed in diagnosing and monitoring coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley Fever, caused by Coccidioides infection.

Valley fever (also called coccidioidomycosis or “cocci”) is a disease caused by a fungus that grows in the soil and dirt in some areas of California and the southwestern United States. People and animals can get sick when they breathe in dust that contains the Valley fever fungus. This fungus usually infects the lungs and can cause respiratory symptoms including cough, fever, chest pain, and tiredness.

This test is particularly useful for detecting meningitis (an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) caused by the pathogen. A positive result indicates exposure to the fungus, but clinical correlation is necessary to determine the significance of the result. It's often used alongside other tests like immunodiffusion (ID) and IgM tests for a comprehensive diagnosis. The presence of antibodies suggests an active or recent asymptomatic infection, aiding in patient management and treatment evaluation.

Coccidioides Ab, IgG, EIA refers to a laboratory test that detects IgG antibodies against the fungus Coccidioides immitis, which causes coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever. This test is used to diagnose and monitor infections caused by this fungus.

Specific IgG antibodies are produced during an initial antigen exposure, rising a few weeks after it begins, then decreasing and stabilizing. IgG antibodies form the basis of long-term protection against microorganisms.