Investigation of Wilson disease and obstructive liver disease using a 24-hour urine specimen

Copper is part of enzymes, which are proteins that help biochemical reactions occur in every cell. Copper is involved in the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron. The symptoms of a copper deficiency are similar to iron deficiency anemia. The liver makes a special protein, ceruloplasm, to transport copper and help convert iron to a form that can be used by other tissues.

Copper is part of enzymes, which are proteins that help biochemical reactions occur in every cell. Copper is involved in the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron. The symptoms of a copper deficiency are similar to iron deficiency anemia. The liver makes a special protein, ceruloplasm, to transport copper and help convert iron to a form that can be used by other tissues.

Copper serum is one of the diagnostic methods of ascertaining whether a patient is suffering from some kind of liver problem or from a genetic disease called Wilson’s disease.

The "Copper, Whole Blood" test by Labcorp measures the concentration of copper in whole blood, providing insight into the body's copper status. Copper is an essential trace mineral involved in various physiological processes, including energy production, iron metabolism, immune function, and the synthesis of collagen and neurotransmitters.

The Copper/Zinc Ratio on a NutriSTAT panel represents a significant biomarker in nutritional and health assessments, offering insights into the balance between two essential trace elements: copper and zinc. Copper and zinc are pivotal for numerous physiological processes.

Copper plays a crucial role in:

→ the formation of red blood cells,

→ the maintenance of nerve cells,

→ and the immune system.

Coprobacillus cateniformis ferment glucose and other common sugars primarily to acetic and lactic acid, and to a lesser extent butyrate and valerate.

Coprococcus, a genus of bacteria within the gut microbiome, is often analyzed in gut health tests to assess its levels and overall contribution to intestinal health. Belonging to the Firmicutes phylum, Coprococcus plays a significant role in the complex ecosystem of the gut. It is known for its involvement in the fermentation of dietary fibers and the production of important metabolic byproducts, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs, including butyrate, are vital for maintaining the health of the intestinal lining, providing energy to colon cells, and regulating inflammation and immune function.

The presence and abundance of Coprococcus in the gut can be influenced by various factors. Diet, particularly the intake of fiber-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes, significantly impacts the levels of Coprococcus, as these bacteria thrive on the fibers found in these foods. A diet lacking in such fibers can lead to a decrease in Coprococcus, affecting the overall balance and health of the gut microbiome. Additionally, lifestyle factors like stress, sleep patterns, and physical activity, as well as the use of medications like antibiotics, can also influence the levels of these bacteria.

The abundance of Coprococcus eutactus is associated with greater bacterial gene richness in the gut.

Coprococcus is a genus of anaerobic cocci which are all part of the human faecal flora. Coprococcus includes those gram-positive, anaerobic cocci that actively ferment carbohydrates, producing butyric and acetic acids with formic or propionic and/or lactic acids. Fermentable carbohydrates are either required or are highly stimulatory for growth and continued subculture. The genus is bio-chemically closely related to Ruminococcus.

The abundance of Coprococcus eutactus is associated with greater bacterial gene richness in the gut.

Coprococcus is a genus of anaerobic cocci which are all part of the human faecal flora. Coprococcus includes those gram-positive, anaerobic cocci that actively ferment carbohydrates, producing butyric and acetic acids with formic or propionic and/or lactic acids. Fermentable carbohydrates are either required or are highly stimulatory for growth and continued subculture. The genus is bio-chemically closely related to Ruminococcus.

Coproporphyrin I is a porphyrin metabolite arising from heme synthesis.

Coproporphyrin III is a porphyrin derivative.

Small amounts of porphyrins (coproporphyrin) are excreted in normal human urine. Coproporphyrin also is present in bile and feces.

Coproporphyrin I is a porphyrin metabolite arising from heme synthesis.

Coproporphyrin III is a porphyrin derivative.

Small amounts of porphyrins (coproporphyrin) are excreted in normal human urine. Coproporphyrin also is present in bile and feces.

Coptis, often referred to in the context of traditional Chinese medicine, is a genus of plants known for their potent medicinal properties, particularly their natural inhibitory effects against various pathogens and health conditions. The most well-known species within this genus is Coptis chinensis, commonly called Chinese goldthread. The primary active component of Coptis is berberine, an alkaloid that imparts the distinct yellow color to the roots of these plants and is responsible for many of their therapeutic effects.

Berberine, extracted from Coptis, has been studied for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. It has shown inhibitory effects against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This makes it a potential natural alternative or complement to conventional antibiotics, especially in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. Berberine's mechanism of action is believed to involve the disruption of microbial cell function, although the exact processes vary depending on the type of pathogen.

Coenzyme Q10, commonly referred to as CoQ10, plays an essential role in the body's energy production and is found in every cell, particularly in the mitochondria, which are often described as the powerhouses of the cells. It is involved in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a major energy currency of the cell. This makes CoQ10 crucial for the health and functioning of virtually all body systems and organs. In the context of cardiovascular health, CoQ10's importance cannot be overstated. It helps maintain the optimal functioning of heart cells, as well as supports the cardiovascular system's overall health.

What does a borderline low result mean?

If your CoQ10 levels are borderline low, it suggests that while your levels aren't definitively below what's considered normal, they're close to the lower limit of the normal range. This can indicate a potential risk for conditions that CoQ10 is known to influence, such as heart disease or muscular disorders. It might also suggest a reduced capacity for energy production in your cells, which could lead to symptoms like fatigue or muscle weakness. In some cases, borderline low levels of CoQ10 could prompt a healthcare provider to recommend dietary adjustments, supplementation, or further monitoring to ensure levels don't fall into a definitively low range that could impact health more significantly.

The presence of antibodies to Corn is an indication of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Adverse reactions to Corn have been reported. Corn gluten activates mucosal neutrophils and eosinophils, which enhance mucosal nitric oxide produce and thus exacerbates the gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions found in Celiac disease and other inflammatory bowel disorders.