Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne infection that can sometimes be severe or fatal. Anaplasmosis is caused by the bacteria, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. It cannot be spread from person-to-person. You may develop anaplasmosis if you are bitten by an infected blacklegged tick.

---------------

An "Indeterminate" result (where result falls in the "orange" reference range) on an HGA IFA - IgG test, suggests that the detected levels of IgG antibodies are neither clearly positive nor negative. This ambiguous result can occur in various scenarios, such as during the early stages of infection when antibody levels are rising, during the resolution phase of a past infection when antibody levels are declining, or due to cross-reactivity with antibodies from similar infections. It poses interpretation challenges and often necessitates further evaluation considering the clinical context, including symptoms and history of tick exposure. In some cases, repeat testing after a period may be required to monitor changes in antibody levels, thereby aiding in clarifying the diagnosis. This indeterminate result highlights the complexity of diagnosing anaplasmosis solely based on serological testing and underscores the need for a comprehensive clinical assessment.

The HGA (Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis) IFA (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody) - IgM test on an Anaplasmosis panel is a crucial diagnostic tool for the detection of acute Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This test specifically measures the presence of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, which are the first type of antibody produced by the immune system in response to an infection. The presence of IgM antibodies specific to A. phagocytophilum indicates a recent or acute infection, as these antibodies typically become detectable within the first few weeks after exposure and generally peak within a month before gradually declining.

Hemoglobin A makes up about 95%-98% of Hb found in adults; it contains two alpha and two beta protein chains.

Hemoglobin A2 makes up about 2%-3% of Hb in adults; it has two alpha and two delta protein chains.

Hemoglobin C can cause a minor amount of hemolytic anemia.

Hemoglobin F (fetal hemoglobin) makes up to 1%-2% of Hb found in adults; it has two alpha and two gamma protein chains. This is the primary hemoglobin produced by the fetus during pregnancy; its production usually falls shortly after birth and reaches adult levels by 1-2 years.

Hemoglobin S, the primary hemoglobin in people with sickle cell disease that causes the RBC to become misshapen (sickle), decreasing the cell's survival.

The Hemoglobin Solubility test is used to help identify the presence of Hemoglobin S. The test may also detect sickling hemoglobins, and evaluate hemolytic anemia.

HHV-6 IgG antibodies are specific immunoglobulins that play a pivotal role in the serological diagnosis and understanding of infections caused by the Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). HHV-6, a member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, is known for its ubiquity and capability to establish lifelong latency following primary infection, often reactivating under immunocompromised conditions. The detection of HHV-6 IgG antibodies in serum is indicative of past exposure to the virus, reflecting an adaptive immune response. High titers of these antibodies suggest either a recent primary infection, typically associated with exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) in young children, or a reactivation of the virus in adults, which can lead to a range of clinical manifestations including mononucleosis-like syndromes, encephalitis, and complications in transplant recipients.

Human herpesvirus 7 is a herpes family virus that can stay in your body for life usually in a dormant state. It is ubiquitous worldwide and nearly 70% of all children will be exposed to the virus by the age of 4. DNA of the virus has been found in the CD4+ T cells of healthy adults which is indicative of the latency.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Hippuric acid is a conjugate (=a compound formed by the joining of two or more compounds) of glycine and benzoic acid formed in the liver.

Most hippuric acid in urine is derived from microbial breakdown of chlorogenic acid to benzoic acid.