Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body extensively measured in clinical diagnostics to assess and monitor ketosis and ketogenic states. BHB is produced in the liver from fatty acids during periods of low carbohydrate intake, fasting, prolonged exercise, or in pathological states such as diabetes mellitus. As a water-soluble molecule, BHB circulates throughout the body and can be utilized by various tissues, including the brain, as an alternative energy source when glucose availability is limited.

Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate is a sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency and is a metabolite of the amino acid isoleucine.

Until recently, biotin deficiency was very difficult to determine in humans because this vitamin deficiency affects health in ways that mimic many other conditions. Doctors were likely to overlook biotin deficiency until this test was discovered.

Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate is a sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency and is a metabolite of the amino acid isoleucine.

b-­Hydroxyisovaleric Acid [aka 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid (3-HIA)] is formed from the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes an essential step in this pathway and is biotin dependent. Reduced activity of this enzyme leads to an alternate pathway of metabolism resulting in 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid.

Ketone formed from acetyl CoA.

Beta-Pregnanediol is a crucial metabolic byproduct of progesterone, one of the primary female sex hormones. Scientifically, Beta-Pregnanediol is a progesterone metabolite, which means it is formed when the body breaks down progesterone. Its measurement in urine provides valuable insights into the body's progesterone levels. Progesterone plays a vital role in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and overall reproductive health.

Beta-Pregnanediol, when measured in conjunction with oral progesterone supplementation serves as a critical marker for assessing the efficacy and metabolic impact of progesterone therapy. This particular metabolite of progesterone, excreted predominantly in urine, provides insight into the body's utilization and processing of administered progesterone. In the context of hormone replacement therapy or treatment for menstrual irregularities, fertility issues, or menopausal symptoms, monitoring Beta-Pregnanediol levels can be instrumental in determining the appropriate dosing and effectiveness of oral progesterone.

- Betaine (trimethylglycine) can be used to turn homocysteine back into methionine

- Betaine is derived from dietary choline (Meats, eggs, and beets)

- Betaine is used for: Methylation / Osmolyte, under cell stress (mainly in kidneys)

Betaine and choline can be obtained from the diet or synthesized de novo.

Betaine is derived from dietary choline – nuts, cauliflower and broccoli, beets, meats, and eggs.

Choline is a lipotrope, in that it helps to mobilize fat from the liver. Phosphatidylcholine, a derivative, is required for the production of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein and the mobilization of fat from the liver. Therefore, choline deficiency can result in fatty liver and liver abnormalities.

The bicarbonate content of serum or plasma is a significant indicator of electrolyte dispersion and anion deficit. Together with pH determination, bicarbonate measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous potentially serious disorders associated with acid-base imbalance in the respiratory and metabolic systems. Some of these conditions are diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hyperkalemic acidosis, renal failure, and ketoacidosis.

Bifidobacterium is a genus of bacteria that plays a critical role in the health of the adult gut microbiome. It is often highlighted as a key marker in gut health tests due to its beneficial effects on digestion, immune function, and overall well-being. Bifidobacteria are among the first microbes to colonize the human gut during infancy, but their presence in the gut typically decreases with age, diet changes, and other factors. In an adult gut health test, the presence or absence of Bifidobacterium can indicate important insights into the balance of the microbiome and its potential impact on overall health.

A common component of the microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract and in particular are amongst the first bacterial colonizers of the intestine.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis is a beneficial bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly in the intestines. The presence and quantity of Bifidobacterium adolescentis are significant because it plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy digestive system. This bacterium helps in breaking down complex carbohydrates, producing essential vitamins like B12, and supporting the immune system by inhibiting harmful pathogens. An optimal level of Bifidobacterium adolescentis indicates a balanced gut microbiome, which is vital for overall digestive health, nutrient absorption, and immune function.

Bifidobacterium adolescentis is a beneficial bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly in the intestines. The presence and quantity of Bifidobacterium adolescentis are significant because it plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy digestive system. This bacterium helps in breaking down complex carbohydrates, producing essential vitamins like B12, and supporting the immune system by inhibiting harmful pathogens. An optimal level of Bifidobacterium adolescentis indicates a balanced gut microbiome, which is vital for overall digestive health, nutrient absorption, and immune function.

The marker "Bifidobacterium animalis" is an indicator of the presence and concentration of a particular strain of beneficial bacteria within the digestive system. Bifidobacterium animalis is a type of probiotic, which means it's a good microorganism that supports gut health and contributes to a balanced intestinal flora. It plays a crucial role in the digestion of dietary fibers, the production of important vitamins like vitamin K, and the support of the immune system. In a Gut Zoomer panel, which is a comprehensive test designed to provide a detailed look at the microbial landscape of the gut, the levels of Bifidobacterium animalis can provide insight into the overall health and balance of the gut microbiome. High levels of this bacterium are generally associated with a healthy gut, indicating good digestion, efficient nutrient absorption, and a strong barrier against pathogens. Conversely, low levels might suggest an imbalance, which could be linked to various digestive issues and may warrant dietary changes, probiotic supplementation, or further investigation. Essentially, this marker is a valuable piece of the puzzle in understanding gut health and can guide personalized nutrition and treatment plans aimed at optimizing gut function and overall well-being.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis is a key probiotic marker in the realm of gut microbiome analysis. This bacterium is a member of the Bifidobacterium genus, which is highly regarded for its beneficial effects on gut health. B. animalis subsp. lactis is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is naturally present in the human gastrointestinal tract. It plays a crucial role in maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing immune function, and potentially contributing to the prevention of gastrointestinal infections. This subspecies is particularly known for its ability to tolerate harsh gastrointestinal conditions, such as low pH and high bile salt concentrations, making it effective in colonizing and exerting its beneficial effects in the gut.