Influenza Type A antibody serum refers to the specific antibodies present in the blood serum that are directed against Influenza virus Type A, a highly variable virus responsible for seasonal flu epidemics and occasional pandemics. These antibodies are part of the body's adaptive immune response, produced by B cells as a defense mechanism following exposure to the virus or vaccination. The presence and concentration of these antibodies can be quantified through serological assays, such as hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays, neutralization tests, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The detection and quantification of Influenza Type A antibodies are crucial for several purposes: epidemiological surveillance, to assess the spread and impact of the virus in populations; vaccine efficacy studies, to evaluate the immune response elicited by flu vaccines; and individual diagnosis, to understand a person's immune status or history of exposure to the virus.

The marker "Influenza Type B Antibody Serum" refers to the presence of specific antibodies in the serum that are produced in response to infection with Influenza Type B virus or following vaccination against this virus. These antibodies are a crucial component of the immune response and serve as indicators of an individual's exposure to the virus or their immunization status. Influenza Type B is one of the three main types of influenza viruses (alongside Types A and C) that infect humans and can cause seasonal epidemics of disease. The presence of these antibodies is detected through serological assays, which are laboratory tests that measure the concentration of antibodies in the blood serum.

Function: An essential nutrient, inositol is found in cell membranes and is needed for proper function of hormones. Inositol, similar to choline, is a component of phospholipids (phosphatidyl inositols). Phosphatidyl inositols function as cell membrane components and as regulators of cell membrane transport by acting as a calcium-mobilizing system (the “PI effect”). Thus, inositol status interacts with a wide variety of hormonal and regulatory events in cells. Lipotropic activity (reduction of blood or tissue lipid levels) of inositol centers around the role of phosphatidyl inositol in lipoproteins. Since inositol is widely available from dietary sources, endogenous synthesis and gut microfloral synthesis, inositol is not classified as a vitamin. Nevertheless, inositol has been considered as a component of the B vitamin complex.

The presence of antibodies to Instant Coffee is an indication of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Adverse reactions to Coffee plant, inhaled grounds and consumed food products have been reported.

Insulin is a vital hormone produced by the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach that plays a key role in both digestion and blood sugar regulation. Acting like a key, insulin allows the body’s cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream for energy while also signaling the liver, muscles, and fat tissue to store excess glucose for later use. When insulin is insufficient or the body becomes resistant to it—a condition known as insulin resistance—glucose accumulates in the blood, increasing the risk of serious health complications. Diabetes is a chronic condition that results when the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin, as in type 1 diabetes (often due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells), or cannot use insulin effectively, as in type 2 diabetes, which is commonly linked to lifestyle factors, genetics, and age. A temporary form, gestational diabetes, can also occur during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that cause insulin resistance. Insulin resistance itself may develop silently and is influenced by factors such as excess abdominal fat, physical inactivity, poor diet, certain medications, and genetic predisposition. If left unmanaged, it can progress to prediabetes and eventually to type 2 diabetes. Early detection is critical and is often done using the Hemoglobin A1C test, which measures average blood glucose levels over the past three months and helps define normal, prediabetic, and diabetic ranges. Supporting healthy insulin function is essential not only for energy metabolism but also for reducing the risk of related conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease, underscoring the importance of proactive blood sugar management for long-term health.

Associated with:

- Insulinoma

- Type 1 Diabetes

- Unexplained Hypoglycemia

- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults

The anti-insulin antibody test checks to see if your body has produced antibodies against insulin.

Antibodies are proteins the body produces to protect itself when it detects anything "foreign," such as a virus or transplanted organ.

A score below 33 is optimal. The insulin resistance score correlates with steady state glucose levels achieved during an insulin suppression test, a standard research test for insulin resistance. The score is based on insulin and C-peptide results.

The Insulin Resistance Score, a pivotal metric in the realm of metabolic health, serves as a critical tool for assessing the body's sensitivity to insulin and identifying the risk of developing conditions like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.

The marker "Insulin, Free (Bioactive)" refers to a test that measures the level of unbound, bioactive insulin in the blood. This measurement is particularly useful for understanding the concentration of insulin that is actively available in the bloodstream, separate from any insulin that may be bound to antibodies. Patients with diabetes, especially those who are being treated with insulin injections, may develop antibodies to insulin. These antibodies can bind to injected insulin, making it difficult to accurately assess how much insulin is freely available to act on cells and regulate blood sugar levels. The "Insulin, Free (Bioactive)" test helps in interpreting blood sugar levels and their relationship to insulin injections in such insulin-treated patients by measuring the portion of insulin that is not bound to antibodies and is free to act on cells. This information can be crucial for managing diabetes effectively, as it provides a clearer picture of the patient's insulin dynamics and how well their treatment regimen is working.

Insulin, Intact, LC/MS/MS is an advanced and precise laboratory test utilized to measure intact insulin levels in the blood, employing the state-of-the-art Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technology. This test stands out for its exceptional accuracy and specificity, making it a crucial tool in diagnosing and managing various disorders related to insulin production and regulation, including diabetes mellitus, insulinoma (a rare tumor of the pancreas that produces insulin), and other metabolic conditions.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that is similar in structure to insulin and works with Growth Hormone to reproduce and regenerate cells.

Growth Hormone, made by the pituitary gland, stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1 and IGF-1 subsequently stimulates growth in cells throughout the body, leading to growth and development (as in the womb and through adolescence), strengthening of tissues (improving bone density, building muscle), and healing (skin, bones, gut lining, etc.), depending on what the body needs. 

IFN-γ is a helper T-cell 1 (Th1)-derived cytokine and plays a critical role for both innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and tumor control.

Interleukin-1-beta, one form of interleukin-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of interleukin-1, interleukin-1-alpha, acts the same as interleukin-1-beta.

Interleukin-10 is an important suppressor of immune responses. 

In vitro studies indicate that Interleukin-10 directly inhibits IL-2 and IL-5 production by TH1 and TH2 cells. Interleukin-10 acts as an immunosuppressor of antigen presenting cells (APC). Interleukin-10 suppresses epidermal Langerhans cell APC function, monocyte chemokines expression, and the bactericidal responses of macrophages. A number of studies suggest that IL-10 plays a role in controlling inflammation, autoimmunity, and angiogenesis.

This family of cytokines plays crucial roles in shaping immune responses during antigen presentation and influence cell-fate decisions of differentiating naïve T cells. They also play essential roles in regulating functions of a variety of effector cells, making IL-12 family cytokines important therapeutic targets or agents in a number of inflammatory diseases, such as the CNS autoimmune diseases, uveitis and multiple sclerosis.

One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-12 is made mainly by B lymphocytes and macrophages. It causes other immune cells to make cytokines and increases the growth of T lymphocytes. It may also block the growth of new blood vessels. Interleukin-12 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-12 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-12.

Interleukin 13 is a mediator of allergic inflammation and different diseases including asthma.

IL-13 is implicated in numerous processes, including a) recruitment of eosinophils and M2 macrophages to the lung, b) induction of mucus secretion into the airways and goblet cell metaplasia, c) proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and d) fibrosis via fibroblast activation and subsequent collagen deposition. 

IL-17A, commonly referred to as IL-17, is involved in normal physiological processes and is also a leading pathogenic cytokine in a wide range of pathologic conditions, including cancer and autoimmune disorders, due to its strong proinflammatory effects. Besides IL-17A, there are five other members structurally related to IL-17A in the IL-17 family, which are IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25), and IL-17F.