Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

Cystine is rate limiting for glutathione production. Cystine is the oxidized form of cysteine.

→ Low cystine may be reflective of reduced glutathione levels and has also been noted in those with celiac disease and lower BMD.

→ Cysteine can be imported into cells either directly or as cystine, within the cell, cystine is immediately reduced to cysteine.

→ Higher plasma cystine has been associated with older age, female, higher BMI, lower GFR, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, lower total cholesterol levels, statin use, lower ejection fraction, and higher hsCRP.

→ Higher urine cystine may be indicative of impaired amino acid reabsorption defects and has been associated with recurrent cystine kidney stones.

→ Cystine from foods sources is considered nutritionally equivalent to cysteine (egg, beef, and whole grains, fish, lentils, and oatmeal).

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

Cystine is the oxidized disulfide form of cysteine (Cys) and is the predominant form of cysteine in the blood due to its greater relative stability. Cystine is derived from dietary protein and, end formed endogenously from cysteine.

Cystine is the oxidized disulfide form of cysteine (Cys) and is the predominant form of cysteine in the blood due to its greater relative stability. Cystine is derived from dietary protein and, end formed endogenously from cysteine.

Cystine is rate limiting for glutathione production. Cystine is the oxidized form of cysteine.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

Function:

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is a large and diverse group of enzymes, most of which catalyze the oxidation of organic substances. A hepatocyte is a cell of the main tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the liver’s cytoplasmic mass. These cells play a role in: protein synthesis; protein storage; transformation of carbohydrates; synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids; detoxification; modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances; and initiates formation and secretion of bile.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 2 [4]

Chronic Hepatitis C [4]

Heptocellular Carcinoma [3]

Liver/Mycrosomal Autoimmunities [1, 2]

Known Cross-Reactions:

asialoglycoprotein receptor, [2]

gliadin [5]

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic herpesvirus belonging to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which is classified as herpes type-5. After primary infection, CMV can infect a variety of cell types such as epithelial cells of salivary glands, large intestine, lungs, smooth muscle, endothelial cells, liver, kidney, fibroblasts, neuronal cells and various myeloid cells.

Epidemiology:

- Herpes virus that has infected 60% of the US population

- One in three children have contracted CMV by five years old

- Passed around in child daycare centers

What is the Cytomegalovirus test?

This test looks for antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a virus in the herpes family, in your blood.

CMV is so widespread that most people in the U.S. have been infected by the time they reach age 40. But many don't realize it. You can pick up the virus by handling or exchanging bodily fluids, such as saliva, blood, urine, breast milk, and semen. The virus usually causes only a mild illness. But it can do serious harm to unborn children, people with HIV/AIDS, or others with weak immune systems.

Antibodies are germ-fighting molecules that your immune system makes in response to infection. If you have CMV-specific antibodies in your blood, you may have a CMV infection.

Like other herpes family viruses, CMV hides in the body after the first infection and can flare up again. Later infections tend to be milder. In fact, in adults with a healthy immune system, the first infection may not have any symptoms.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses and usually causes asymptomatic infection after which it remains latent in patients, primarily within bone marrow derived cells. Primary CMV infection in immunocompetent individuals may manifest as a mononucleosis-type syndrome, similar to primary Epstein-Barr virus infection, with fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy.

CMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients, individuals with AIDS, and other immunosuppressed patients due to virus reactivation or from a newly acquired infection. Infection in these patient populations can affect almost any organ and lead to multiorgan failure. CMV is also responsible for congenital disease among newborns and is one of the TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, other infections including syphilis, rubella, CMV, and herpes simplex virus).

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When your CMV IgG is positive, and your CMV IgM is negative, it typically indicates a specific scenario related to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection:

→ Positive CMV IgG: A positive CMV IgG result means that you have been exposed to CMV at some point in the past. It doesn't provide information about the timing of the infection but indicates past exposure.

→ Negative CMV IgM: A negative CMV IgM result suggests that you are not currently experiencing an acute or active CMV infection. CMV IgM antibodies are typically present during an active or recent infection. Their absence in the blood can indicate that the infection is not recent.

In summary, a positive CMV IgG and a negative CMV IgM result mean that you have been exposed to CMV in the past, but it is not currently an active infection. This is often seen in individuals who have had a prior CMV infection, and the virus remains dormant in their body.

It's important to discuss your test results with a healthcare provider for a more comprehensive evaluation and to understand the specific implications in your individual case. Additionally, if you have concerns about CMV or your health, consult with a medical professional for further guidance.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that usually causes no symptoms or only mild illness. CMV testing detects antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the infection or detects CMV directly.

In the United States, as many as 60% of people have been exposed to CMV at some point in their life. Almost 1 out of every 3 children have been exposed to CMV by age 5 and more than half of adults are exposed to CMV by age 40.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that usually causes no symptoms or only mild illness. CMV testing detects antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the infection or detects CMV directly.

In the United States, as many as 60% of people have been exposed to CMV at some point in their life. Almost 1 out of every 3 children have been exposed to CMV by age 5 and more than half of adults are exposed to CMV by age 40.

What is being measured
This marker tests for IgA antibodies against specific cytoskeletal proteins in the intestinal lining, including proteins like vinculin, talin, and alpha-actinin. These proteins are essential for maintaining the structure and function of the intestinal barrier.

Why this matters
When harmful bacteria such as Campylobacter, E. coli, or Salmonella damage the gut lining, they may release toxins that disrupt intestinal cells. In response, the immune system may start producing IgA antibodies against the body’s own structural proteins. An elevated level of Cytoskeletal Proteins IgA indicates that the immune system is actively targeting these proteins, which can be a sign of damage to the intestinal barrier.

Clinical significance

• Elevated Cytoskeletal Proteins IgA is often associated with post-infectious IBS or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

• It may indicate that bacteria or their toxins have breached the gut lining and triggered an immune reaction.

• This immune activation may also contribute to symptoms outside the gut, such as fatigue or brain fog, through a mechanism often described as "leaky gut" or intestinal permeability.

What to consider if your result is elevated

• An elevated result supports the need for further evaluation of SIBO or post-infectious irritable bowel symptoms.

• Your healthcare provider may recommend treatments to reduce bacterial overgrowth, repair the gut lining, and calm immune activation.

• Addressing elevated IgA responses early may help prevent more systemic or autoimmune responses later.

Summary
Cytoskeletal Proteins IgA is a marker of immune reactivity to your own intestinal lining. If elevated, it points to structural damage in the gut, often caused by bacterial overgrowth or prior gastrointestinal infections. Intervening early can help restore gut integrity and reduce ongoing immune stress.

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Cytoskeletal Proteins is the collective name given to intercellular adherent junctions that are involved in the integrity and functionality of the epithelial barrier. The major cytoskeletal proteins assessed in Array 22 are a-actinin, talin and vinculin. Alpha-actinin forms a lattice-like structure and stabilizes the muscle contractile, additionally a-actinin associates with signaling molecules. Talin is found in focal adhesions where it links the transmembrane receptors, integrins, to the actomyosin network and either directly or indirectly interacts with a-actinin and vinculin. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions.

Known Cross-Reactions: Alpha-actinin with anti-ssDNA