Manganese (Mn) is an essential element which is involved in the activation of many important enzymes. However, Mn excess is postulated to result in glutathionyl radical formation, reduction of the free glutathione pool, and increased exposure of adrenal catecholamines (e.g. dopamine) to free radical damage.

Hair Manganese (Mn) levels generally reflect actual body stores, and external contamination can influence hair Mn. Since particulate manganese-containing dust is the most common source of Mn toxicity, hair is considered to be an excellent tissue for the assessment of Mn exposure.

Manganese is a mineral that plays a key role in forming connective tissue, sex hormones, making blood clotting factors, bone health, wound healing and central nervous system function. Manganese is also essential for the absorption of calcium, as well as glucose regulation, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol and amino acid metabolism. 

Chronic exposure to manganese (as in industrial settings) may cause effects on the central nervous system.

Toxic exposure may occur from dry cells, fungicide (maneb), and in the steel or chemical industries. Manganese is present in the coloring agents for glass and soap, in paints, varnish and enamel, and in linoleum.

It is used in the manufacturing of chlorine gas and in lead-free gasoline. Industrial manganese poisoning has been recognized since 1837.

The "Manganese, 24 Hr, Urine" test measures the concentration of manganese in a 24-hour urine sample. Manganese is an essential trace element involved in various bodily functions, including metabolism, bone formation, and the functioning of the nervous system. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in antioxidant defense, collagen synthesis, and cellular energy production.

Why the Test is Done

This test is primarily used to evaluate the levels of manganese excreted through urine, which can provide insights into exposure to manganese, particularly in individuals who work in environments where manganese is present (e.g., mining, welding, or certain industrial processes). Elevated manganese levels can indicate occupational or environmental exposure, while lower levels are typically not a concern, as manganese is essential in small amounts.

Blood manganese testing provides crucial information about manganese status in your body. Understanding test results helps manage both deficiency and toxicity risks. Regular monitoring is essential for at-risk individuals and those with related health conditions.

Toxic exposure may occur from dry cells, fungicide (maneb), and in the steel industry or chemical industry. Manganese is present in the coloring agents for glass and soap, in paints, varnish, enamel, and in linoleum. It is used in the manufacture of chlorine gas and now in lead-free gasoline. Industrial manganese poisoning has been recognized since 1837. Some water supplies are sufficiently contaminated by manganese that endemic psychiatric and neurological disease is presen

The Manganese (Mn) content in the adult human is 11.0 to 23 ng/mL. About 25% is stored in the skeleton. Within each cell, Manganese is concentrated in the mitochondria. Bone, liver, and pancreas tend to have the highest concentrations.

Mn is an important part of the anti-oxidant enzyme super oxidase dismutase.

Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) is a key biomarker in the innate immune system, playing a crucial role in the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is a pattern recognition molecule that binds specifically to carbohydrate structures, such as mannose and other sugars, found on the surface of a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Upon binding, MBL activates the lectin pathway of the complement system, leading to enhanced opsonization of the pathogen, phagocytosis, and eventual lysis or clearance of the invader.

Intermediate levels of MBL may suggest that the individual has a partial deficiency, which can vary in its clinical significance. Some people with intermediate MBL levels may have a normal immune response and not experience frequent infections, while others might be at a slightly increased risk, particularly when facing high pathogen loads or during periods of stress or immune suppression. Intermediate levels might not lead to major health problems in healthy individuals, but they can be an indicator of potential vulnerability in those with additional risk factors, such as chronic diseases or immune system deficiencies.

Overall, both low and intermediate MBL levels can contribute to varying degrees of immune susceptibility, but the clinical significance is often determined by other factors, such as genetic background, overall health, and the presence of coexisting conditions.

The acronym MAR stands for mixed antiglobulin reaction. The test is used to diagnose imunological infertility, which means that antisperm antibodies are present that prevent conception from taking place. Antibodies in blood, semen or cervical mucous coat the surface of the sperm, which impairs sperm transport and ultimately fertilisation of the ovum.

The acronym MAR stands for mixed antiglobulin reaction. The test is used to diagnose imunological infertility, which means that antisperm antibodies are present that prevent conception from taking place. Antibodies in blood, semen or cervical mucous coat the surface of the sperm, which impairs sperm transport and ultimately fertilisation of the ovum.

Margaric acid is also known as heptadecanoic acid. It is a 17-carbon saturated fatty acid (17:0). Food sources mainly include milk and dairy products, though it can be endogenously made as well.

Most research in fatty acid metabolism has focused on even-chain fatty acids since they represent >99% of total human lipid concentration. For years, it had been concluded that odd chain saturated fatty acids (OCSFAs) were of little significance and used only as internal standards in laboratory methodology. However, there is now a realization that they are, in fact, relevant and important physiologically.

Margaric acid is also known as heptadecanoic acid. It is a 17-carbon saturated fatty acid (17:0). Food sources mainly include milk and dairy products, though it can be endogenously made as well.

Most research in fatty acid metabolism has focused on even-chain fatty acids since they represent >99% of total human lipid concentration. For years, it had been concluded that odd chain saturated fatty acids (OCSFAs) were of little significance and used only as internal standards in laboratory methodology. However, there is now a realization that they are, in fact, relevant and important physiologically.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), also known as gelatinase B, is a critical enzyme in the human body that plays a vital role in remodeling the extracellular matrix, the network of proteins and other substances surrounding cells. It belongs to a larger family of enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases, which are responsible for breaking down various components of the extracellular matrix.

MMP-9 specifically targets collagen and gelatin, important structural proteins in tissues. By breaking down these proteins, MMP-9 aids in processes like wound healing, tissue repair, and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels). This makes it an essential player in normal physiological processes. However, MMP-9's activity isn't always beneficial; its overactivity or dysregulation is linked to various diseases.

The relative index represents the ratio of CKMB to the CK, total. Relative index = CK-MB, in ng/mL ÷ CK, total, U/L x 100. Due to the different units measured (ng/mL for CK-MB vs. U/L for CK, total), this does not represent a true percentage and is, therefore, called a “relative index.” Currently, a relative index of ≥5.0% suggests the MB may be myocardial in origin. The relative index may be of particular value in patients who have an elevated CK, total due to trauma or surgery.

Both an elevated CK-MB and Relative Index are suggestive of Myocardial Infarction.

Mead Acid (plasma) is a marker for overall, essential fatty acid status. 

Mean cell volume indicates the average volume of red blood cells in the body. It is often measured as a part of the red blood cell indices in a comprehensive blood count test. The results of the red blood cell indices will tell a healthcare professional whether or not anemia is present and, if so, what type it is.