The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

Lyme disease and Parovirus B19 infections produce arthritis, rashes, and a systemic illness that may be thought to represent a chronic rheumatic disease. Cases of co infections have also been reported in literature. Additionally, it has been shown to be a good candidate for differential diagnosis in cases of arthopathy where Lyme disease has been suspected.

The presence of IgG antibodies only is indicative of past exposure to Parvovirus.

The presence of IgM class antibodies suggests recent infection.

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgG?

Parvovirus B19 is a common human virus that causes fifth disease (also known as erythema infectiosum), especially in children. It typically presents with a “slapped cheek” facial rash and mild flu-like symptoms. In adults, it can cause joint pain or arthritis-like symptoms, and in vulnerable individuals—such as pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, or those with chronic anemia—it can lead to more serious complications, including fetal infection or severe anemia.

The VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid IgG test detects IgG antibodies to the virus-like particle (VLP) capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of Parvovirus B19. These are the major structural proteins that form the virus’s outer shell. When your immune system recognizes these proteins, it produces IgG antibodies that typically remain in the bloodstream for many months or years—indicating past infection and likely immunity.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgG result suggests a moderate level of antibodies, which may reflect:

• A resolving infection where IgG is still building

• A recent past exposure

• A borderline immune response that may need further testing in some cases

If there are clinical concerns (e.g., during pregnancy or in the presence of anemia), additional tests—such as Parvovirus B19 IgM or PCR—may be used to determine whether an active infection is present.

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgM?

Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that causes fifth disease (also known as erythema infectiosum), particularly in children. It often presents with a red rash on the cheeks (“slapped cheek” appearance) and mild flu-like symptoms. In adults, it may cause joint pain or fatigue. In certain cases—especially among pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, or those with chronic anemia—Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to more serious complications, such as fetal infection or severe anemia.

The VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgM test detects IgM antibodies to the virus-like particle (VLP) capsid proteins VP1 and VP2, which are structural proteins of the virus. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies the immune system produces after an infection and typically appear within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure. This test helps identify recent or current infection with Parvovirus B19.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgM result suggests a moderate level of early antibodies, which may indicate:

• An early-stage infection with IgM levels still rising

• A resolving infection, with IgM beginning to decline

• A borderline or nonspecific response, which may need follow-up testing for confirmation

In these cases, your healthcare provider may recommend additional tests such as IgG (to assess longer-term immunity) or PCR (to detect viral DNA).

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP2 – IgG?

Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that causes a mild childhood illness known as fifth disease or erythema infectiosum, which typically presents with a “slapped cheek” rash and low-grade fever. In adults, infection may lead to joint pain or flu-like symptoms. In some cases—particularly in people with weakened immune systems, certain blood disorders, or during pregnancy—Parvovirus B19 can lead to more serious complications, such as anemia or fetal infection.

The VLP VP2 – IgG test detects IgG antibodies against the virus-like particle (VLP) of the VP2 protein, one of the main structural proteins of Parvovirus B19. IgG antibodies usually develop a few weeks after infection and remain in the bloodstream long-term, indicating past exposure and likely immunity.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgG result reflects a moderate level of antibodies, which may indicate:

• A recent past infection that is resolving

• An early developing immune response

• A borderline or nonspecific result, especially in the absence of symptoms or recent illness

Further testing (e.g., IgM antibodies) may be recommended if symptoms are present or if there is clinical concern about current infection.

Low levels of pathogens can be normal and characteristic of a healthy, diverse gut microbiome. Increased levels of pathogens, however, could indicate that a pathogen is playing a role in symptoms you are experiencing. The Pathogen Control Index compares the relative abundances (RA) of specific pathogens to normal levels present in the healthy gut.

Note: BiomeFx is NOT a diagnostic test. If your Pathogen Control Index is low, consult your physician who can make a diagnosis and provide treatment if needed.

Patulin is a mycotoxin associated with the spoilage of grains, fruits, cheeses, and breads. It is considered the most significant mycotoxin in fruit and fruit juices; important because high-risk populations such as infants, children and the elderly consume these products. 

The "PBG/Creatinine Ratio" marker found on a Porphobilinogen, Quantitative, Random Urine panel by LabCorp is a crucial test for evaluating the presence and concentration of porphobilinogen (PBG) in urine in relation to creatinine levels. This test is significant for diagnosing and monitoring conditions related to abnormal porphyrin metabolism, such as acute intermittent porphyria, among others. Porphyria refers to a group of disorders that result from a buildup of natural chemicals that produce porphyrin in your body.

Porphobilinogen is a precursor in the biosynthesis of heme, the iron-containing prosthetic group found in hemoglobin. Normally, the body regulates the production of porphobilinogen and other intermediates in the heme production pathway. However, genetic conditions can disrupt this balance, leading to the accumulation of toxic precursors like PBG.

Genes associated with amoxicillin resistance.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

Genes associated with amoxicillin resistance.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

Genes associated with amoxicillin resistance.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

The pCO2 - Arterial marker on Labcorp's Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Panel measures the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in arterial blood. pCO2 is an important indicator of lung function and the body’s ability to remove CO2, a byproduct of metabolism. It plays a key role in regulating blood pH through the bicarbonate buffer system. Abnormal levels of pCO2 can indicate respiratory or metabolic issues: elevated levels (hypercapnia) suggest hypoventilation or respiratory failure, while decreased levels (hypocapnia) may indicate hyperventilation or respiratory alkalosis. Monitoring pCO2 levels helps clinicians assess respiratory efficiency, acid-base balance, and potential underlying conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or kidney dysfunction.