Threonine is an essential amino acid, i.e., it is vital for your health, but it cannot be synthesized by your body and therefore has to be obtained from a diet.

Threonine is an essential amino acid, i.e., it is vital for your health, but it cannot be synthesized by your body and therefore has to be obtained from a diet.

The Thrombin Antithrombin Complex (TAT) marker is an important blood test used to evaluate the balance between clot formation and dissolution in the body, which is crucial for understanding certain blood clotting disorders.

Thrombin is a protein that plays a central role in the blood clotting process, helping to convert fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms the basic structure of a blood clot.

Antithrombin, on the other hand, is a protein that helps regulate blood clot formation by inhibiting thrombin and other enzymes involved in the coagulation process.

When thrombin is generated in the bloodstream, it binds to antithrombin, forming the thrombin-antithrombin complex.

Thrombin is an enzyme in the blood that acts on the clotting factor fibrinogen to form fibrin, helping blood to clot. The thrombin time assesses the activity of fibrinogen.

The Thrombin-Antithrombin Complex keeps clotting in check.

Thrombin-Antithrombin (TAT) Complex is a parameter of coagulation (= the process by which a blood clot is formed in order to stop bleeding) and fibrinolysis (= prevents blood clots that occur naturally from growing and causing problems).

Deficiencies may aid in understanding hypercoagulable states. Elevated concentrations have been associated with vascular complications associated with diabetes.

Thrombocytes are one of three types of blood cell found in our bodies. Along with red blood cells and white blood cells, thrombocyte levels are assessed with a comprehensive blood count, which can be done as a part of a general health check up or in response to specific symptoms.

Thymidine is one of the nucleosides that forms part of DNA, essentially a building block of our genetic material. It consists of a thymine base attached to a sugar molecule (deoxyribose); together, these components are crucial for DNA replication and repair processes. In the context of the Thymidine and Deoxyuridine Analytes panel, measuring thymidine levels can provide insight into certain disorders. For instance, elevated levels of thymidine (and deoxyuridine, its counterpart in the panel) can indicate issues with DNA synthesis and repair mechanisms, potentially pointing to mitochondrial diseases or disorders related to pyrimidine metabolism, such as "thymidine phosphorylase defciency (MNGIE)". These conditions can have a wide range of implications, from neurological disorders to myopathy and beyond. Thus, the Thymidine and Deoxyuridine Analytes panel is a diagnostic tool that helps in the detection and management of these conditions by measuring the concentration of these nucleosides in the blood. By understanding the levels of thymidine, healthcare providers can make more informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with suspected metabolic or genetic abnormalities.

Thymidine Phosphorylase Activity refers to the measurement of the enzyme's activity in the body, which plays a significant role in nucleotide metabolism—the process by which cells manage their energy and the synthesis of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP) is involved in the breakdown of thymidine, a nucleoside that is a component of DNA, into thymine and deoxyribose-1-phosphate. This process is crucial for the proper recycling of nucleotides and maintaining the balance of DNA synthesis and repair mechanisms within cells.

A pyrimidine (DNA building block) that is elevated in the genetic disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. In this genetic disease, the pyrimidine uracil is also elevated.

- Thymine is one of the five bases used to build nucleic acids.
- It is also known as 5-methyluracil or by the abbreviations T or Thy.
- Thymine is found in DNA, where it pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

A pyrimidine (DNA building block) that is elevated in the genetic disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. In this genetic disease, the pyrimidine uracil is also elevated.

- Thymine is one of the five bases used to build nucleic acids.
- It is also known as 5-methyluracil or by the abbreviations T or Thy.
- Thymine is found in DNA, where it pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

A pyrimidine (DNA building block) that is elevated in the genetic disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. In this genetic disease, the pyrimidine uracil is also elevated.

- Thymine is one of the five bases used to build nucleic acids.
- It is also known as 5-methyluracil or by the abbreviations T or Thy.
- Thymine is found in DNA, where it pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

A pyrimidine (DNA building block) that is elevated in the genetic disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. In this genetic disease, the pyrimidine uracil is also elevated.

- Thymine is one of the five bases used to build nucleic acids.
- It is also known as 5-methyluracil or by the abbreviations T or Thy.
- Thymine is found in DNA, where it pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

Thyroglobulin is the protein precursor of thyroid hormone and is made by normal well differentiated benign thyroid cells or thyroid cancer cells.

What is the Thyroglobulin Antibody test?

→ A thyroglobulin antibody test looks for certain antibodies that attack the thyroid. The presence of thyroglobulin antibodies may indicate an autoimmune condition.

→ A thyroglobulin antibody test is used to determine if you have an underlying thyroid issue.

→ Your healthcare provider may decide to order a thyroglobulin antibody test (which can also be called an antithyroglobulin antibody test or thyroid antibody test) to evaluate the level of antibodies present in your bloodstream.

Thyroid antibodies are destructive to the thyroglobulin protein, so your healthcare provider may order a thyroglobulin antibody test to gain a clearer understanding of what could be causing you to feel unwell. 

You may need a thyroid antibody test if you have symptoms of Hashimoto's disease or Graves' disease. But first, your provider will usually order blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels to see if you have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone tests include T3, T4, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced by the thyroid gland and plays a key role in the production of thyroid hormones. Measuring thyroglobulin levels can be an important diagnostic tool, particularly for individuals with thyroid cancer or other thyroid-related conditions. One of the most reliable methods for testing thyroglobulin levels is through Radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Function:

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein formed by two identical subunits. Tg is synthesized in thyrocytes and released into thyroid follicles where it is most abundant. Tg plays the main role in coupling of iodinized tyrosine residues to form hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), through its specific sites. In order to release these hormones, the thyroid gland has to reabsorb the Tg droplets from the follicular lumen into folicular cells. A small fraction of Tg (around 100 mcg) is released from thyroid on a daily basis.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 2, 3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis [1, 2, 3]

Graves’ Disease [1, 2]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Thyroid peroxidase, [4] heat shock protein, [5] Latex hevein [6]

Function:

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid that frees iodine for its addition onto thyroglobulin tyrosine residues for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid hormones.

Some TPO antibodies may lyse thyroid cells or inhibit TPO enzyme activity, in vitro [2, 7] but in general it is considered an antibody response to thyroid damage inflicted by T-Cells.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 3, 5, 6]

Graves’ Disease [3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis [2]

Vitiligo [3, 4]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Thyroglobulin, [9]

Gliadin, [10]

Helicobacter pylori, [11]

heat shock protein [12]