16α-Hydroxyestrone (16α-OH-E1), or hydroxyestrone, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,16α-diol-17-one, is an endogenous steroidal estrogen and a major metabolite of estrone, as well as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of estri

The 2-Methoxy Estrogens are considered to be protective. 2-Methoxy-E1 is produced from 2-OH-E1 through the COMT enzyme. Anti-cancerogenic effects have been ascribed to 2-OH-E1 and particularly 2-Methoxy-E1. 2-Methoxy-E1 has shown antiproliferat

The 2-Methoxy Estrogens are considered to be protective. 2-Methoxy estrogens are produced from 2-OH estrogens through the COMT enzyme. Anti-cancerogenic effects have been ascribed to 2-OH estrogens and particularly 2-Methoxy estroge

The 2-Methoxy Estrogens are considered to be protective. 2-Methoxy-E1 is produced from 2-OH-E1 through the COMT enzyme. Anti-cancerogenic effects have been ascribed to 2-OH-E1 and particularly 2-Methoxy-E1. 2-Methoxy-E1 has shown antiproliferat

2-hydroxyestrone and 16-hydroxyestrone are Phase I metabolites of Estrone (E1). Their ratio is of clinical significance in pre and peri-menopausal women. In post-menopausal women it does not have the same clinical significance. It is, however, hypoth

Research and clinical studies show that the 2-hydroxylated estrogens (2-OH E2 and 2-OH E1) are a safer pathway of hydroxylation than the 4-hydroxyestrogens (4-OH E2 and 4-OH E1), which bind to and damage DNA, leading to mutations that are associated

Most consider 2-OH-E1 favorable Estrogen is metabolized (primarily by the liver) down three phase I pathways. The 2-OH pathway is considered the safest because of the anti-cancer properties of 2-OH metabolites. Conversely, the 4-OH pathway is cons

20a-Dihydroprogesterone (20a-DHP), also known as 20a-hydroxyprogesterone (20a-OHP), is a naturally occurring, endogenous progestogen. It is a metabolite of progesterone, formed by the 20a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (20a-HSDs). 20a-DHP can be trans

3a-Dihydroprogesterone (3a-DHP), also known as 3a-hydroxyprogesterone, is an endogenous neurosteroid. It is biosynthesized by 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from progesterone. 3a-DHP has been found to act as a positive allosteric modulator of the GA

3a-Dihydroprogesterone (3a-DHP), also known as 3a-hydroxyprogesterone, is an endogenous neurosteroid. It is biosynthesized by 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from progesterone. 3a-DHP has been found to act as a positive allosteric modulator of the GA

Healthy Phase II metabolism methylates 2-hydroxy (2-OH) estrogens to the more cancer-protective 2-methoxy (2-MeO) forms, and neutralizes the potentially carcinogenic 4-OH estrogens to their 4-MeO forms.

Healthy Phase II metabolism methylates 2-hydroxy (2-OH) estrogens to the more cancer-protective 2-methoxy (2-MeO) forms, and neutralizes the potentially carcinogenic 4-OH estrogens to their 4-MeO forms.

4-Methoxyestradiol (4-ME2) is an endogenous, naturally occurring methoxylated catechol estrogen and metabolite of estradiol that is formed by catechol O-methyltransferase via the intermediate 4-hydroxyestradiol.

Neutralized version of carcinogenic 4-OH-E1

4-OHE1and 4-OH-E2 are referred to as the “bad” estrogens, along with 16a-OHE1. They are primarily produced by CYP1B1 and CYP34A, respectively, enzymes localized in tissues, including breast and prostate as well as liver. Some have su

- The 4-OH pathway is considered the most genotoxic as its metabolites can create reactive products that damage DNA. - Estrone is hydroxylated through Phase 1 detox to form 4-OH-E1. In Phase 2 it is methylation to form 4-MeE1. When 4-OH-E1 is prop

5a,3a–androstanediol is a neuroactive steroid that enhances dopamine activity, important for mood elevation.

5a,3a–androstanediol is a neuroactive steroid that enhances dopamine activity, important for mood elevation. 3a-Androstanediol (often abbreviated as 3a-diol), also known as 5a-androstane-3a,17b-diol, is an endogenous inhibitory androstane ne

5a-DHT is a testosterone metabolite.  5a-DHT is essential for the development of the male sex characteristics before birth, particularly the formation of the external genitalia. In the adult, 5a-DHT is needed to develop and maintain male gend

Allopregnanediol, or 5a-pregnane-3a,20a-diol, is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone and allopregnanolone and an isomer of pregnanediol.

Allopregnanediol, or 5a-pregnane-3a,20a-diol, is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone and allopregnanolone and an isomer of pregnanediol. Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy

Allopregnanolone, also known as brexanolone, is a medication and a naturally produced steroid that acts on the brain. Allopregnanolone possesses a wide variety of effects, including, in no particular order, antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress-reducing

Allopregnanolone is a neurosteroid hormone that plays a significant role in the context of postmenopausal women. During the menopausal transition, there is a notable reduction in allopregnanolone levels, primarily due to decreased ovarian synthesis o

DHEA and androstenedione are made almost exclusively by the adrenal gland (although a smaller amount is made in the ovaries). These hormones appear in urine as DHEA-S (DHEA-Sulfate), androsterone and etiocholanolone.

Androsterone is a DHEA metabolite via the 5-alpha-reductase pathway. The 5-alpha pathway is more androgenic. 

Androsterone is the product of androgens metabolized by 5-alpha reductase. It acts as a neurosteroid and a weak potentiator of GABA-A receptor activity.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenoestrogen, exhibiting estrogen-mimicking, hormone-like properties that raise concern about its suitability in some consumer products and food containers. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound and it is a startin

Corticosterone, also known as 17-deoxycortisol, is a steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. Corticosterone has multiple effects on memory. The main effects are seen through the impact of stress on emo

Cortisol is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by a multienzyme cascade in the adrenal glands. It is the main glucocorticoid in humans and acts as a gene transcription factor influencing a multitude of cellular responses in

The evaluation of the creatinine concentration in the urine does only serve as an admeasurement of the individual efficiency of the kidney. High values point to an urine concentration, low values to a strong dilution. Only the consideration of these

The evaluation of the creatinine concentration in the urine does only serve as an admeasurement of the individual efficiency of the kidney. High values point to an urine concentration, low values to a strong dilution. Only the consideration of these

The evaluation of the creatinine concentration in the urine does only serve as an admeasurement of the individual efficiency of the kidney. High values point to an urine concentration, low values to a strong dilution. Only the consideration of these

The evaluation of the creatinine concentration in the urine does only serve as an admeasurement of the individual efficiency of the kidney. High values point to an urine concentration, low values to a strong dilution. Only the consideration of these

Creatinine values are measured to correct results for urine dilution. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatine. Creatinine is filtered from the blood by the kidneys and released i

Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal gland and is a precursor for the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. The levels of DOC of pregnant women are extraordinarily high compared with those in men and nonpregnant

DHEA-S is the sulfate ester of DHEA and only a part of DHEA testing. If this marker was low it would mean that there is potential inflammation blocking DHEA being converted to DHEA-S. 

The ratio of potentially toxic urinary estrogens (i.e. 2- and 4-catechols of estradiol and estrone) to inert estriol has been used for many years as an index of breast cancer risk.

Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone is an endogenous steroid and an epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR). Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in th

The most physiologically active estrogen. Binds to both to ER and Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ). Estradiol, made in the ovary, rapidly converts to estrone. Poor symptom control with estrogen replacement may suggest the need for improving abs

Has weak estrogen activity. Considered to be a protective estrogen. Most prevalent estrogen in pregnancy.

Produced by the ovaries, the estrone hormone is one of three types of estrogen, and it is one of the major hormones found in the bodies of postmenopausal women. While research into estrone function is still ongoing, since it is the least powerful of

Etiocholanolone is a DHEA metabolite that is excreted in the urine. It is produced from androstenedione and the 5-beta-reductase metabolic pathway. It is helpful in evaluating adrenal and androgen function.

Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. It is normally released in response to events and circumstances such as waking up in the morning, exercising, and acute stress. In the Advanced Dried Ur

This is the 2nd cortisol sample of the day. Usually measured 30 to 60 minutes after waking.  Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. It is normally released in response to events and circ

This is the 3rd cortisol sample of the day. Usually measured in the afternoon/evening.  Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. It is normally released in response to events and circumsta

This is the 4th cortisol sample of the day (=evening/night). Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. It is normally released in response to events and circumstances such as waking up in t

Cortisone is the inactive form of cortisol. Cortisone shows minimal biological activity per se, reflecting negligible affinity for the glucocorticoid and aldosterone receptors. The kidney, colon and saliva gland have lots of activity for changing cor

Cortisone is the inactive form of cortisol. Cortisone shows minimal biological activity per se, reflecting negligible affinity for the glucocorticoid and aldosterone receptors. The kidney, colon and saliva gland have lots of activity for changing cor

Cortisone is the inactive form of cortisol. Cortisone shows minimal biological activity per se, reflecting negligible affinity for the glucocorticoid and aldosterone receptors. The kidney, colon and saliva gland have lots of activity for changing cor

Cortisone is the inactive form of cortisol. Cortisone shows minimal biological activity per se, reflecting negligible affinity for the glucocorticoid and aldosterone receptors. The kidney, colon and saliva gland have lots of activity for changing cor

Melatonin is not technically an adrenal or sex hormone however it is highly involved in the entire endocrine system. It is made in small amounts in the pineal gland in response to darkness and stimulated by Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH). 

Melatonin is not technically an adrenal or sex hormone however it is highly involved in the entire endocrine system. It is made in small amounts in the pineal gland in response to darkness and stimulated by Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH). 

Melatonin is not technically an adrenal or sex hormone however it is highly involved in the entire endocrine system. It is made in small amounts in the pineal gland in response to darkness and stimulated by Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH). 

Melatonin is not technically an adrenal or sex hormone however it is highly involved in the entire endocrine system. It is made in small amounts in the pineal gland in response to darkness and stimulated by Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH). 

Based on the optimal luteal levels of urinary Pgdiol (about 1300-2000 µg/g creatinine) an optimal working range for the ratio of this progesterone metabolite to estradiol was established based on the median level of urinary estradiol (1.37

Progesterone itself is not readily found in the urine. Instead, this test measures pregnanediol (a progesterone metabolite). Pregnanediol is well-established in research literature as a reliable marker for progesterone levels.

Testosterone is the major androgen in the body. It is converted to dihydrotestosterone by 5-alphareductase, and to estradiol by aromatase.

This is one of the three cortisol metabolites. The total some of the three cortisol metabolites gives us a good indication of the overall cortisol production in your body.  Two of the 3 metabolites are the active form of cortisol (THF). The o

This is one of the three cortisol metabolites. The total some of the three cortisol metabolites gives us a good indication of the overall cortisol production in your body.  Two of the 3 metabolites are the active form of cortisol (THF). The o

Cortisol is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is the primary agent used in our body’s flight or fight response to threatening stimuli.

The inactive or “storage form” of adrenal glucocorticoid. Can be reversibly transformed to cortisol. Clinically, cortisone may reflect a measure of adrenal reserve when compared to cortisol. Ideally, cortisone will be about 30% higher tha