4 hydroxy estrone (4-OH-E1) and estradiol (4-OH-E2) are metabolites of estrone and estradiol and are very reactive estrogens. They are highly prone to the formation of catechol estrogen-derived 3,4 semi-quinones, which are potent, electrophilic, free radical-generating molecules that have been shown to lead to DNA mutagenesis. Indeed, 4 hydroxy E1 and E2 are the most potent and potentially carcinogenic estrogens.

4 hydroxy estrone (4-OH-E1) and estradiol (4-OH-E2) are metabolites of estrone and estradiol and are very reactive estrogens. They are highly prone to the formation of catechol estrogen-derived 3,4 semi-quinones, which are potent, electrophilic, free radical-generating molecules that have been shown to lead to DNA mutagenesis. Indeed, 4 hydroxy E1 and E2 are the most potent and potentially carcinogenic estrogens.

The 41 KD band is often found on the Western blot. A recent study looked at the banding patterns of patients with chronic Lyme disease and healthy controls from the inner city of New York who have never had Lyme disease. They found that a large percentage of the healthy controls tested positive on the 41kd band.

Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

This particular marker is called 41 KD (IGM) and hence is a IgM antibody marker. IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection. IgG antibodies in contrast are a sign of an older infection.

Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

This particular marker is called 45 KD (IGG) Band and hence is a IgG antibody marker. IgG antibodies are a sign of an older infection. In contrast, IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection. 

IgM antibodies usually disappear after eight weeks post-exposure. 
IgG remains in the serum for a very long time. 

Phenylacetic acid (PAA) and phenylpropionic acid (PPA) are products of phenylalanine metabolism caused by intestinal bacteria. High levels of PAA or PPA in urine may result from the dysbiosis of intestinal flora or the decreased metabolism of phenylalanine, such as phenylketonuria (PKU). PAA is also a metabolite of 2-phenylethylamine, and low levels of PAA in urine are considered as a marker of depression. Urinary 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPAA) represent a considerable percentage of tyrosine intake. 4-HBA is one of the major catechin metabolites after the intake of green tea infusions. In addition, 4-HPAA has been found to be useful in screening for small bowel diseases associated with anaerobic bacterial overgrowth.

5 Alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a hormone that plays a crucial role in male development and health. It is derived from testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, through the action of an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase. DHT is significantly more potent than testosterone and is involved in a variety of physiological processes. During puberty, DHT is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males, such as facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and growth of the genitals. It also plays a role in the growth and maintenance of the prostate gland. However, DHT is also associated with male pattern baldness and can contribute to prostate enlargement and other health issues later in life.

5a-Androstanediol is a testosterone metabolite that is more androgenic than b-Androstanediol. It is metabolized via the 5-alpha metabolic pathway (= increased 5α-reductase activity). In contrast, the 5-beta metabolism makes androgens less potent.

Increased 5a-reductase activity may be accompanied by clinical signs of androgenicity (excess facial hair growth, scalp hair loss, acne, irritability, oily skin, prostate issues in men...etc).

5-HIAA is the primary metabolite of serotonin, a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) that transmits messages between nerve cells. After it is used by the body, serotonin is broken down in the liver, and its metabolites, including 5-HIAA, are excreted in the urine.

5-HIAA is the primary metabolite of serotonin, a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) that transmits messages between nerve cells. After it is used by the body, serotonin is broken down in the liver, and its metabolites, including 5-HIAA, are excreted in the urine.

5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) is an important chemical compound in the medical and biochemical fields, acting as a primary interest for its role as a metabolite in the human body. Essentially, it's what remains after serotonin, a key neurotransmitter responsible for regulating mood, appetite, and sleep among other functions, is broken down. The body converts serotonin into 5-HIAA, which is then excreted in the urine.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors.