Arsenic is an element found in nature, and in man-made products, including some pesticides. Arsenic is widely distributed in the Earth’s crust. It is found in water, air, food, and soil.

Function:

Arthritic peptide, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, is an endogenous molecule associated with joints. This cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzes the second step of glycolysis and is found at low levels in serum. Arthritic peptide can stimulate KRN T cells when processed and presented by antigen presenting cells.

Antibodies Appear:

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease [1]

Osteoarthritis [2]

Rheumatoid Arthritis [1, 2, 3]

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, dairy proteins, pork [4]

Function:

Saccharomyces cerevisae, baker’s yeast, contains Chl1p, a putative helicase with human homologs (antiSaccharamyces cerevisae antibody – ASCA), which is required for DNA repair, recombination, transcriptional silencing and aging. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes.

Antibodies Appear:

Behçet’s Syndrome with GI Involvement

Crohn’s Disease

Long-term use of Anti-Thyroid Medication

Ulcerative Colitis5 Vasculitis

Saccharomyces cerevisae, baker’s yeast, contains Chl1p, a putative helicase with human homologs (antiSaccharamyces cerevisae antibody – ASCA). It is required for DNA repair, recombination, transcriptional silencing and aging. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies produced against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes.

Known Cross-Reactions: Mannan, enteric bacterial antigens

Antibodies Appear: Crohn’s disease, Sjögren’s syndrome

Ascaris is a worm that infects the small intestine, but its life cycle includes migration through the circulation to the heart and lungs, and into the oropharynx. Infection is acquired through the ingestion of embryonated eggs in contaminated soil or water. Ascariasis is the most prevalent intestinal helminth infection in the world; current estimates suggest that more than 1 billion persons are infected. In the US, infection is more common in rural parts of the southeast.

Most individuals have no noticeable symptoms. Migrating larvae may produce “verminous pneumonia”. However, heavy infection, especially in children, may produce abdominal cramps, and a mass of tangled worms may cause intestinal obstruction. Aberrant migration of individual adult worms occasionally leads to obstructions resulting in cholangitis, cholecystitis, liver abscess, pancreatitis, appendicitis, or peritonitis.

Ascaris lumbricoides, an intestinal roundworm, is one of the most common helminthic human infections worldwide.

Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest intestinal nematode of man. The female worms are larger than the males and can measure 40 cm in length and 6 mm in diameter. They are white or pink and are tapered at both ends. 

Ascorbic Acid is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries.

Ascorbic Acid is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries.

Ascorbic Acid is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries.

Ascorbic Acid is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries.

Ascorbic Acid is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries.

Ascorbic Acid is a natural water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries.

GM1 is exposed at the surface of spinal motor neurons, and in the peripheral nerves, it is limited to the node and paranodal region. Low levels of antibodies can be found in normal individuals and in patients with certain autoimmune disorders, however, high titers may be helpful in the diagnosis of multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMNCB), and paraproteinenia including motor neuron disease and multifocal motor neuropathy.

Asialoganglioside is exposed at the surface of spinal motor neurons, and in the peripheral nerves, it is limited to the node and paranodal region. Low levels of antibodies can be found in normal individuals and in patients with certain autoimmune disorders, however, high titers may be helpful in the diagnosis of multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMNCB), and paraproteinenia including motor neuron disease and multifocal motor neuropathy.