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a thickening or emulsifying agent in food products

Carrot IgG reactivity marker

Casein IgG reactivity marker

belonging to the plant family Anacardiaceae

Antigen Made From: Casomorphin purchased from an antigen supplier Associated With: - Apnea in SIDS - Autism - Blood-brain barrier permeability - Down syndrome - Post-partum psychosis Known Cross-Reactions: - Cerebellar - Gliadin Clinical Significance: The presence of antibodies to Casomorphin is an indication of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Casomorphin is known to modulate the mucosa of the intestinal lining. If the mucosa is damaged, Casomorphin and other ingested peptides can more easily penetrate the intestinal barrier. As an opioid peptide, Casomorphin, once in the blood stream, is capable of disrupting the blood-brain barrier and interfering with the neurotransmitter messaging system. Antibodies against Casomorphin can identify a cause of behavioral and cognitive problems. References: 1. Sun et al. Relation of b-casomorphin to apnea in sudden infant death syndrome. Peptides, 2003; 24:937-943. 2. Vojdani et al. Immune response to dietary proteins, gliadin and cerebellar peptides in children with autism. Nutr Neurosci, 2004; 7(3):151-161. 3. Pasi et al. b-casein-immunoreactivity in the brain stem of the human infant. Res Commun chem. Pathol Pharmacol, 1993; 80(3):305-322. 4. Nygaard et al. The relation between the psychological functioning of children with Down syndrome and their urine peptide levels and levels of serum antibodies to food proteins. Down Synd Res Pract, 2001; 6(3):139-145. 5. Lindström et al. CSF and plasma b-casomorphin-like opioid peptides in postpartum psychosis. Am J Psychiatry, 1984; 141(9):1059-1066. 6. Vojdani and Tarash. Cross-reaction between gliadin and different food and tissue antigens, Food Nutri Sci, 2013; 4:20-32. 7. Trompette et al. Milk bioactive peptides and b-casomorphins induce mucus release in rat jejunum. J Nutr, 2003; 133:3499-3503. 8. Pruimboom and de Punder. The opioid effects of gluten exorphins: asymptomatic celiac disease. J Health Population Nutr, 2015; 33:24.

Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance

CASPR2 Antibody, Cell-based IFA What is the CASPR2 Antibody Test? The CASPR2 Antibody, Cell-based IFA test looks for specific autoantibodies that target a protein called CASPR2 (Contactin-associated protein-like 2). This protein is found on nerve cells and plays an important role in how signals are transmitted in the brain and nervous system. The presence of CASPR2 antibodies in the blood can indicate that the immune system is mistakenly attacking the nervous system—often as part of an autoimmune condition. In some cases, these antibodies may also be associated with certain types of cancer. Why is this test done? Doctors may order the CASPR2 antibody test if you are experiencing unexplained neurological symptoms, such as: Memory loss or confusion Seizures Muscle stiffness or spasms Difficulty walking or with coordination Pain, numbness, or weakness This test helps detect autoimmune or paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, which are rare but serious conditions caused by an immune response, sometimes triggered by cancer. What does a positive result mean? A positive CASPR2 antibody result suggests that your symptoms may be related to an autoimmune reaction affecting your nervous system. This can occur with or without an underlying cancer. Conditions linked to CASPR2 antibodies include: Autoimmune encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (neuromyotonia) Morvan syndrome Rarely, paraneoplastic syndromes associated with tumors (such as thymoma or lung cancer) Your healthcare provider may recommend further tests—such as MRI, lumbar puncture, or cancer screening—to better understand the cause of your symptoms. What does a negative result mean? A negative result means no CASPR2 antibodies were detected. However, it does not completely rule out autoimmune or paraneoplastic conditions. If your symptoms continue, your doctor may consider other antibody tests or additional evaluations. Test Method This test is performed using a cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). It’s a sensitive and specific method that detects antibodies by observing how they bind to CASPR2 proteins on lab-grown cells under a microscope. Takeaway The CASPR2 Antibody test is a valuable tool for identifying autoimmune-related neurological disorders and may provide clues to underlying conditions such as cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and help manage symptoms more effectively.

Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms. Reference Interval: Reporting Range (reported in kU/L) Probability of IgE Mediated Clinical Reaction Less than 0.10 No significant level detected 0.10 - 0.34 Clinical relevance undetermined 0.35 - 0.70 Low 0.71 - 3.50 Moderate 3.51 - 17.50 High 17.51 - 50.00 Very high 50.01 - 100.00 Very high Greater than 100.00 Very high

Catecholamines are a group of similar hormones released into the bloodstream in response to physical or emotional stress.