Lupus anticoagulants are antibodies against substances in the lining of cells. These substances prevent blood clotting in a test tube.

Luteinizing Hormone, Human (hLH), plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system and is a key marker on a female hormone panel. This hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, is involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and ovulation. In the first half of the menstrual cycle, hLH levels gradually increase, leading to a significant surge just before ovulation. This surge is critical as it triggers the release of an egg from the ovary, making it a pivotal moment for fertility. After ovulation, if the egg is not fertilized, hLH levels decrease, and the menstrual cycle continues.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a key reproductive hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports progesterone production during the menstrual cycle. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, which is essential for sperm production, libido, and overall reproductive health.

Lyme Ab (IgG) measures immunoglobulin G antibodies produced by the immune system in response to infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. These antibodies typically develop several weeks after infection and may remain detectable for months or even years. A positive Lyme IgG result suggests previous exposure or later-stage infection, while a negative result may indicate no prior infection or testing performed too early in the disease course. This marker is often evaluated together with Lyme IgM antibodies and confirmatory tests to help determine whether symptoms may be related to Lyme disease.

Lyme Ab (IgM) measures immunoglobulin M antibodies produced by the immune system shortly after infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease. IgM antibodies typically appear within the first few weeks following a tick bite and may indicate a recent or active infection. This test is usually interpreted together with Lyme IgG antibodies and clinical symptoms to help determine whether Lyme disease may be present.

Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

IgG antibodies are a sign of an older infection. IgM antibodies in contrast reflect a relatively recent infection.

Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection. IgG antibodies in contrast are a sign of an older infection.

The two most common diagnostic tests for Lyme are the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Western blot. Both of these blood tests measure the presence of antibodies that form in your body if you are infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme. This marker is part of the ELISA assay.

This test measures the level of Borrelia antibodies in your blood. Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria cause Lyme disease.

The bacteria are spread to humans through the bite of an infected tick.

Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne illness in the U.S. If not treated, Lyme disease can cause an infection of the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).

The Lyme IgG Line Blot Interp. is a marker used in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. It refers to the interpretation of the results obtained from an IgG immunoblot test used to detect antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for causing Lyme disease.

Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection. IgG antibodies in contrast are a sign of an older infection. 

IgM antibodies usually disappear after eight weeks post-exposure. 
IgG remains in the serum for a very long time. 

In the Western blot test there are three bands for IgM and 10 bands for IgG.

The Lyme IgM Line Blot Interpretation (Interp.) marker is a diagnostic test marker used to assess the presence of specific antibodies called IgM antibodies in a patient's blood.

The IgM Line Blot Interp. marker helps in the diagnosis of Lyme disease by detecting IgM antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is the causative agent of Lyme disease. IgM antibodies are typically produced during the early stages of infection, usually within a few weeks after exposure to the bacteria.

The Lyme disease blood test looks for antibodies in the blood to the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. The test is used to help diagnose Lyme disease.

Lyme disease is caused by bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi. Blacklegged ticks carry these bacteria. The ticks pick up the bacteria when they bite mice or deer that are infected with Lyme disease. You can get the disease if you are bitten by an infected tick, mostly in northeastern states and on the West Coast. The good news is that usually a tick has to be attached to your body for 24 to 36 hours to infect you. The bad news is that blacklegged ticks are so small they're almost impossible to see.

CD1656 are an important NK (Natural killer) cell subset.

- NK cells are best known for killing virally infected cells, and detecting and controlling early signs of cancer. As well as protecting against disease, specialized NK cells are also found in the placenta and may play an important role in pregnancy.

- Natural killer T (NKT) cells represent a specialized T-cell population that is distinct from conventional T cells. They express an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes self and bacterial glycosphingolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like molecule, CD1d.

- Human natural killer (NK) cells can be subdivided in several subpopulations on the basis of the relative expression of the adhesion molecule CD56 and the activating receptor CD16. 

- NK cells serve an important role in host defense against viral infections, as well as tumor surveillance. They are also a component of the adaptive immune response through cytokine production.

- NK cell functions are governed by a balance between activating receptors and inhibitory receptors.