SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies (N antibodies) indicate whether your immune system has responded to a natural COVID-19 infection. Unlike spike protein antibodies, which can be produced by vaccination, nucleocapsid antibodies are typically only present after exposure to the virus itself. This makes the test useful for identifying prior infection, even in people who had mild or no symptoms.

The SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay is intended for qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of IgG antibodies to the S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The measurement of IgG levels can provide insight to an individual's adaptive immune response to a SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Although the assay is designed to assess the level of an individual's immune response, studies are still needed to determine the index level threshold that confers protective immunity as well as how long the adaptive immune response may last post-infection or via vaccination.

The SARS-CoV-2 Semi-Quantitative IgG Antibody test is a blood test that measures the level of IgG antibodies your body has produced in response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Unlike a qualitative test that gives a simple “positive” or “negative” result, this semi-quantitative test estimates the amount of antibody present and provides a numerical value — giving more detailed insight into your immune system’s response.

Qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection. to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Aid in identifying individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection.

The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Dilution test measures the concentration of IgG antibodies against the virus’s spike protein, providing a more precise view of your immune response than a simple positive/negative result. These antibodies usually appear after vaccination or past COVID-19 infection, and dilution testing is used when levels are too high for standard tests to measure accurately. A higher result generally reflects a stronger antibody presence, which may support faster immune recognition and a lower risk of severe illness, though protection varies by individual and variant. This test cannot tell you when exposure occurred, how long immunity will last, or whether you currently have COVID-19. Instead, it confirms immune recognition and offers valuable insight into your body’s response, while reminding that antibody levels are just one piece of your overall defense system.

The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Ab Interp refers to the interpretation of antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of the virus that causes COVID-19. This marker is typically included in antibody panels to evaluate your immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2 or after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines that target the spike protein (such as Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, or Novavax).

This test does not measure the antibody level itself, but instead provides an interpretation (positive, negative, equivocal) based on whether spike-specific antibodies are detected in your blood.

These water-soluble mycotoxins could produce airborne particles which could facilitate entry and release into respiratory airway tissue that may selectively induce apoptosis in olfactory sensory neurons in the nose (rhinitis) and brain(mild focal encephalitis).

Although epidemiological studies that specifically examine exposure to mycotoxins in indoor residential environments are relatively limited, there is substantial evidence of a relationship between mycotoxin exposure (via ingestion and inhalation) and adverse health effects in occupational (agricultural and food processing) settings and animal studies.

These water-soluble mycotoxins could produce airborne particles which could facilitate entry and release into respiratory airway tissue that may selectively induce apoptosis in olfactory sensory neurons in the nose (rhinitis) and brain(mild focal encephalitis).

Although epidemiological studies that specifically examine exposure to mycotoxins in indoor residential environments are relatively limited, there is substantial evidence of a relationship between mycotoxin exposure (via ingestion and inhalation) and adverse health effects in occupational (agricultural and food processing) settings and animal studies.

Satratoxin G is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by commonly called black mold or Stachybotrys chartarum, that contribute to disorders associated with water-damaged buildings.

Saturated Fats, Total is a key marker providing important information about the levels of saturated fats in your diet. Saturated fats are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products like meat and dairy, as well as some plant-based oils like coconut and palm oil and peanut butter. These fats are typically solid at room temperature. Monitoring the total amount of saturated fats in your diet is crucial because high intake is linked to an increased risk of developing heart disease and other health issues. When you consume too many saturated fats, it can lead to higher levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, in your blood.

When assessing fatty acids in RBCs, this marker measures a weighted percentage of fatty acids taken up into the erythrocyte wall. The total saturated fatty acid percentage is a combined total weight percentage calculated by adding up each of the measured saturated fatty acids. It should be noted that when dealing with percentages, the amount of each fatty acid can influence the others. For example, fish oil supplementation may increase the overall omega-3 percentage, which then lowers the omega-6 percentage. Because some saturated fatty acids are beneficial, it is important to look at the levels of those specifically as well.

Fatty acids are essential to heart health. Balancing fatty acids can improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels, improve immune system function as well as reduce inflammation and rate of heart disease.

Saturated Fatty Acid Index Includes:

Myristic (14:0)

Palmitic (16:0)

Stearic (18:0)

    - May raise levels of LDL-C and increases heart disease risk.

The Scallop (F338) IgE test measures your immune system’s sensitivity to proteins found in scallops — a type of shellfish belonging to the mollusk family. This test specifically detects immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies that your body may produce in response to scallop allergens.

When someone with a scallop allergy eats scallops (or sometimes even comes into contact with them through cooking vapors or cross-contaminated utensils), their immune system can mistakenly identify scallop proteins as harmful. This triggers an IgE-mediated allergic reaction, releasing histamine and other chemicals that cause allergy symptoms.

The Schistosoma IgG Antibody marker on a panel from Labcorp is a diagnostic tool used to detect antibodies against Schistosoma, a type of parasitic worm that causes schistosomiasis. When someone is infected with Schistosoma, their immune system responds by producing specific antibodies, including IgG. The presence of Schistosoma IgG antibodies in a blood sample indicates that the person has been exposed to the parasite.

Reference Ranges:

Negative: Less than 0.20 OD. No significant level of IgG antibody to Schistosoma detected.

Indeterminate: 0.20 to 0.49 OD. It is recommended to repeat the assay with a paired sample after at least one month, when the results fall within this range.

Positive: Greater than or equal to 0.50 OD. Presumptive evidence of a current or past infection with Schistosoma species.

Serological results should be used as an aid in diagnosis and should not be interpreted as diagnostic by themselves.

Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.