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Optimal range: 10 - 36 mmol/mol creatinine
A two-carbon group from Acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid through a cis-aconitic intermediate using the enzyme aconitase. Aconitase is an iron-sulfate protein that controls iron homeostasis.
Optimal range: 18 - 78 ug/mgCR
Cis-Aconitic Acid is involved in both energy production and removal of toxic ammonia.
Optimal range: 12.6 - 38.8 ug/mg CR
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 10 - 36 mmol/mol creatinine
Cis-Aconitic Acid is involved in both energy production and removal of toxic ammonia.
Optimal range: 0 - 5.8 mmol/mol creatinine
Citramalic acid and tartaric acid are yeast metabolites that are also influenced by dietary intake of fruits, wine, and sugars.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.6 mmol/mol creatinine
Metabolite of yeast or anaerobic bacteria, including Clostridia.
Optimal range: 0.11 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
Metabolite of yeast or anaerobic bacteria, including Clostridia.
Optimal range: 0 - 5 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 5.8 mmol/mol creatinine
Metabolite of yeast or anaerobic bacteria, including Clostridia.
Optimal range: 0 - 5.8 mmol/mol creatinine
Citramalic acid and tartaric acid are yeast metabolites that are also influenced by dietary intake of fruits, wine, and sugars.
Optimal range: 40 - 520 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 71.3 - 772.63 ug/mg creatinine
Citrate holds significant importance in metabolic assessments and clinical evaluations. This molecule plays a central role in energy metabolism as it is an essential component of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC), also known as the Krebs cycle, which is a crucial process in cellular respiration. Citrate serves as the starting point in the CAC, where it undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions to generate ATP, the cell's primary energy currency.
Optimal range: 56 - 987 mcg/mg creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 507 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 24 - 1174 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 2.2 - 260 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 597 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 203 - 3208.6 nmol/mg Creatinine
- Diet has a significant impact on citric acid levels:
» Increased acid load due to diets high in animal-based proteins, carbonated drinks, and in severe carbohydrate restriction can lead to mild metabolic acidosis, hypercalciuria, and reduced citric-acid excretion.
» Plant-based diets are associated with increased citric acid. Alkalinization of urine through consumption of citrus foods, alkaline mineral water, fruits and vegetables, or citrate supplements (such as mag-citrate) increase citric acid levels.
- Low urine citric acid has been associated with insulin resistance, metabolic acidosis, bonedensity, hypokalemia, the development of kidney stones, kidney disease, and chronic kidney disease, and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis.
