SOURCES:

Can be found in soil and river sediments, air, and jewelry. Used as a catalyst in the automotive, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. It’s resistance to oxidation makes it important in the manufacturing of laboratory equipment. It is also used as a chemotherapeutic agent. 

PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS:

Platinum binds to DNA and interferes with transcription and replication resulting in apoptosis.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

Metallic forms are inert, but the complex salts can produce conjunctivitis, urticaria, dermatitis, and eczema with dermal exposure. Nephrotoxicity and thrombocytopenia are seen with platinum chemotherapeutic agents. Respiratory exposures can produce wheezing and shortness of breath.

Platinum (Pt) is a nonessential element that is sometimes detected in hair. However, the clinical significance of hair Pt has not been well studied. Hair treatments may contribute to artifactual contamination of scalp hair.

Pt is poorly absorbed in the gut but may be absorbed via inhalation. Since it is a relatively rare element, most Pt exposures are of occupational origin.

Urinary platinum (Pt) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent. Significant exposure to this non-essential, precious metal is unusual except in association with chemotherapy. Pt–containing, high-gold alloys have been used in dentistry for many decades. Platinum is poorly absorbed in the gut and high-level oral exposure is unlikely. Jewelers who make high-end jewelry may be exposed to Pt.

Platinum (Pt) is a nonessential element that is sometimes detected in feces. However, the clinical significance of high levels of Pt in feces has not been well studied. Platinum is poorly absorbed in the gut and high level of oral exposure is unusual. Since it is a relatively rare element, most Pt exposures are of occupational origin. There may have been a slight increase in environmental Pt due to the use of Pt in automobile catalytic converters. Pt is a byproduct of copper refining and used as an alloy in some dental and orthopedic materials.

Platinum and platinum alloys are used in surgical tools, laboratory utensils, dentistry, jewelry, silicone breast implants, electrical resistance wires, automobile catalytic converters, optical fibers, and liquid crystal display glass, especially for laptops. It is believed that automotive catalytic converters release platinum to the roadside environment. Platinum is used in some chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, which is used to treat ovarian cancer. Workers in the following areas show the highest platinum levels: roadside maintenance, refineries, oncology wards, electronics plants, chemical plants, and jewelry production. Women with silicone breast implants have platinum exposure. One study showed a significant uptake of platinum from platinum-containing dental alloy restorations. The general population is at increasing risk of exposure to platinum because of the widespread use of catalytic converters and growing applications for platinum in various sectors of the economy.

Plesiomonas shigelloides is a Gram-negative bacillus found in aquatic environments that has been primarily associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of diarrheal disease.

PM/Scl antibodies target the PM/Scl exosome complex, and most reactivity is against 2 proteins, PM/Scl-75 and PM/Scl-100. They are present in 2% to 11% of SSc patients and are associated with SSc-myositis overlap syndrome and lcSSc. PM/Scl antibodies also occur in other autoimmune diseases such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis.

The presence of either PM/Scl-75 or PM/Scl-100 antibody is associated with calcinosis, and the co-occurrence of both antibodies is associated with inflammatory myositis. 

However, each antibody may be associated with a distinct clinical phenotype; gastrointestinal symptoms and ILD are common in patients with PM/Scl-75 antibodies but less so in those with PM/Scl-100 antibodies. Internal organ involvement generally remains mild in patients with any PM/Scl antibodies, and the presence of these antibodies is associated with an overall favorable prognosis.

PM/Scl antibodies target the PM/Scl exosome complex, and most reactivity is against 2 proteins, PM/Scl-75 and PM/Scl-100. They are present in 2% to 11% of SSc patients and are associated with SSc-myositis overlap syndrome and lcSSc. PM/Scl antibodies also occur in other autoimmune diseases such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis.

The presence of either PM/Scl-75 or PM/Scl-100 antibody is associated with calcinosis, and the co-occurrence of both antibodies is associated with inflammatory myositis. 

However, each antibody may be associated with a distinct clinical phenotype; gastrointestinal symptoms and ILD are common in patients with PM/Scl-75 antibodies but less so in those with PM/Scl-100 antibodies. Internal organ involvement generally remains mild in patients with any PM/Scl antibodies, and the presence of these antibodies is associated with an overall favorable prognosis.

The detection of pneumococcal IgG antibodies is helpful for the evaluation of response to pneumococcal vaccination and need for revaccination. 

The detection of pneumococcal IgG antibodies is helpful for the evaluation of response to pneumococcal vaccination and need for revaccination. 

The detection of pneumococcal IgG antibodies is helpful for the evaluation of response to pneumococcal vaccination and need for revaccination. 

The detection of pneumococcal IgG antibodies is helpful for the evaluation of response to pneumococcal vaccination and need for revaccination. 

The detection of pneumococcal IgG antibodies is helpful for the evaluation of response to pneumococcal vaccination and need for revaccination. 

The detection of pneumococcal IgG antibodies is helpful for the evaluation of response to pneumococcal vaccination and need for revaccination. 

The detection of pneumococcal IgG antibodies is helpful for the evaluation of response to pneumococcal vaccination and need for revaccination.