The Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Ratio evaluates the body’s ability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; Conversion enzyme requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), niacin (B3), and iron as cofactors.

The Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Ratio evaluates the body’s ability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; Conversion enzyme requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), niacin (B3), and iron as cofactors.

Phenylglyoxylate is a Styrene metabolite.

Sources of exposure:

- Raw materials (benzene and ethylene) for the manufacture of styrene are supplied primarily from the petroleum industry.

- Used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, synthetic latex, polyesters, and plastic products.

- Automotive emissions, tobacco smoke, released from building materials, carpet backing. Low-level exposure may occure through ingestion of food products packaged in polystyrene containers.

- Packaging materials, toys, hobbies, crafts, house wares and appliances, electrical and thermal insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, foam cups.

Styrene is used in the manufacturing of plastics, in building materials, and is found in car exhaust fumes. Polystyrene and its copolymers are widely used as food-packaging materials. The ability of styrene monomer to leach from polystyrene packaging to food has been reported. Occupational exposure due to inhalation of large amounts of styrene adversely impacts the central nervous system, causes concentration problems, muscle weakness, fatigue, and nausea, and irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and throat.

Styrene is used in the manufacturing of plastics, in building materials, and is found in car exhaust fumes. Polystyrene and its copolymers are widely used as food-packaging materials. The ability of styrene monomer to leach from polystyrene packaging to food has been reported. Occupational exposure due to inhalation of large amounts of styrene adversely impacts the central nervous system, causes concentration problems, muscle weakness, fatigue, and nausea, and irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and throat.

Reduce exposure by eliminating plastic and styrofoam containers for cooking, reheating, eating or drinking (especially warm or hot) food or beverages. Replace these containers with glass, paper, or stainless steel whenever possible. Elimination of styrene can be accelerated by sauna treatment, reduced glutathione supplementation (oral, intravenous, transdermal, precursors such as N-acetyl cysteine [NAC]).

Phenyllactic acid is a metabolite of phenylalanine.

Phenyllactic acid is a metabolite of phenylalanine.

Phenyllactic acid is a metabolite of phenylalanine.

Phenyllactic acid is a metabolite of phenylalanine.

Phenylpropionate is a intestinal microbial balance marker. Phenylpropionate is formed from bacterial action on phenylalanine and it should only be present at very low levels.

Phenylpyruvic acid is a keto-acid that is an intermediate or catabolic byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism. It has a slight honey-like odor. 

Phenylpyruvic acid is a keto-acid that is an intermediate or catabolic byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism. It has a slight honey-like odor. 

Phenylpyruvic acid is a keto-acid that is an intermediate or catabolic byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism. It has a slight honey-like odor. 

Generally considered a beneficial gut commensal, although is capable of attaching to and invading colonic epithelial cells and inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

- Produces beta-glucuronidase, succinate, lactate, acetate, formate, and propionate.

- Associated with insulin resistance.

- Contains bile salt hydrolases to metabolize bile.

- Formerly named Bacteroides vulgatus.