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G6PD Deficiency

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. This condition occurs due to a mutation in the G6PD gene, which plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of red blood cells. The primary function of the G6PD enzyme is to protect the red blood cells from damage caused by certain chemicals found in foods and medications, as well as stress from infections. When there's a deficiency in this enzyme, red blood cells can break down prematurely, a condition known as hemolysis, leading to hemolytic anemia. G6PD deficiency is more common in males and is particularly prevalent in populations from Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and certain Asian countries. This pattern of prevalence is believed to be linked to the protective effect of the mutation against malaria; areas with high rates of malaria often have higher incidences of G6PD deficiency. The symptoms of G6PD deficiency can vary widely among individuals.

Gallstones

Gastritis

What is Gastritis? Gastritis refers to inflammation of the stomach lining. This condition can develop suddenly (acute gastritis) or progress slowly over time (chronic gastritis), with causes ranging from infections and medications to stress and dietary habits. Acute Gastritis: Sudden Onset of Stomach Inflammation Acute gastritis occurs when the stomach lining becomes inflamed quickly, often with sharp and noticeable symptoms. Common causes include: Medications (such as NSAIDs like ibuprofen or aspirin) Infections (bacterial or viral) Psychological stress (emotional strain can impact stomach health) Dietary triggers (high intake of fatty, spicy, or highly processed foods) Food contamination (ingesting contaminated food or drinks) Acute gastritis episodes are typically short-lived but can be intense, often improving with the removal of the triggering factor. Chronic Gastritis: Long-Term Stomach Inflammation Chronic gastritis is a persistent, ongoing inflammation of the stomach lining. Unlike acute cases, symptoms can last for months or even years.

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a chronic viral infection caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2, transmitted through sexual contact. While HSV-2 is more commonly associated with genital infections, HSV-1 is increasingly responsible due to oral-genital transmission. Symptoms may include painful blisters or ulcers in the genital or anal area, itching, burning, and discomfort during urination. The initial outbreak is often the most severe and may include flu-like symptoms such as fever and swollen lymph nodes. After the first infection, the virus remains dormant and can reactivate periodically. Recurrences are typically milder and less frequent over time. Many people with genital herpes have no symptoms but can still transmit the virus through asymptomatic shedding. There is no cure, but antiviral medications can: Reduce outbreak frequency Shorten symptom duration Lower transmission risk to partners Genital herpes is manageable, and most individuals live normal, healthy lives with minimal impact.

Giant Cell Arteritis

Gilbert disease

Gilbert syndrome, often referred to simply as Gilbert's syndrome, is a mild liver disorder characterized by an elevated level of bilirubin in the bloodstream. This condition is typically harmless and often goes undiagnosed due to its generally asymptomatic nature. Individuals with Gilbert's syndrome have a reduced ability to process bilirubin, a yellowish substance produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. While the condition is inherited and affects approximately 3% to 12% of the population, many people with Gilbert's syndrome may never realize they have it. One of the hallmark features of Gilbert's syndrome is jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes that occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the blood. However, jaundice associated with Gilbert's syndrome is usually mild and may only be noticeable during periods of exertion, stress, fasting, or illness. Besides jaundice, Gilbert's syndrome rarely causes any other symptoms and does not lead to serious health problems.

Gliomas

What are gliomas? Gliomas are cancerous brain tumors that start in glial cells. These are the supporting cells of the brain and the spinal cord. Some types of gliomas grow faster than others. Glioma is a growth of cells that starts in the brain or spinal cord. The cells in a glioma look similar to healthy brain cells called glial cells. Glial cells surround nerve cells and help them function. As a glioma grows it forms a mass of cells called a tumor. The tumor can grow to press on brain or spinal cord tissue and cause symptoms. Symptoms depend on which part of the brain or spinal cord is affected. There are many types of glioma. Some grow slowly and are not considered to be cancers. Others are considered cancerous. Another word for cancerous is malignant. Malignant gliomas grow quickly and can invade healthy brain tissue. Some types of glioma happen mostly in adults. Others happen mostly in kids. In the United States, there are six cases of gliomas diagnosed per 100,000 people every year. Gliomas are very diffusely infiltrative tumors that affect the surrounding brain tissue.

Glomerulonephritis

Understanding Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Glomerulonephritis is a kidney condition affecting the glomeruli, tiny filtering units within the kidneys. This serious health issue impacts the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. Understanding its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial for maintaining kidney health and managing this condition effectively. What is Glomerulonephritis? Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, small looped blood vessels inside the kidneys that filter blood. When inflamed, their filtering ability is compromised, leading to various health problems, including kidney damage.Two main types exist: Acute Glomerulonephritis: Develops suddenly, often following infections. Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Progresses slowly over years, potentially leading to long-term kidney damage. Prevalence Glomerulonephritis affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people worldwide, with higher rates in certain populations.

Gout

Graves' Disease

Graves' Disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland, or hyperthyroidism. This condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. These hormones are crucial regulators of the body's metabolic rate, influencing various bodily functions. The precise cause of Graves' Disease remains unknown, but factors like genetics, environmental triggers, and stress are believed to play a role in its development. Diagnosing Graves' Disease involves a comprehensive evaluation, including a physical examination, patient history, blood tests to measure levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and sometimes, imaging tests. A key hallmark of Graves' Disease is the presence of specific antibodies in the blood that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce too much hormone. Additionally, a radioactive iodine uptake test can help determine if the gland is overactive, a common indicator of Graves' Disease.

Gynaecomastia

Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of glandular breast tissue in males, resulting from an imbalance between estrogen and androgen action at the breast tissue level. It is the most common breast condition in men and boys, affecting up to 70% of adolescent males during puberty and a significant proportion of older men — yet it remains widely misunderstood, underinvestigated, and undertreated. Gynecomastia is not simply fat accumulation in the chest — a distinction that matters both clinically and for the patient. True gynecomastia involves the proliferation of ductal and stromal breast tissue driven by estrogenic stimulation, producing a firm, disc-like mass of glandular tissue beneath the nipple that is distinct from the soft, diffuse adipose tissue seen in pseudogynecomastia (lipomastia). While gynecomastia is benign, it can be a sign of an underlying hormonal disorder, systemic disease, medication effect, or — rarely — malignancy. A thorough evaluation is always warranted when gynecomastia is newly detected or unexplained, particularly in adult men.