Explore 10,000+ laboratory markers, in plain English.

Needed for basic cell functions in energy production.

CoQ10 is a fat-soluble compound primarily synthesized by the body and also consumed in the diet. It is found in virtually all cell membranes and participates in the mitochondria to convert carbohydrates and fatty acids into ATP. CoQ10 also supports cell signaling, gene expression, stimulation of cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis, control of thiol groups, formation of hydrogen peroxide, and control of membrane channels. Food sources of CoQ10 are considered poor sources of the nutrient. Foods that contain more CoQ10 than others include organ meats from red meat sources. Nuts are considered a moderate source but would have to be eaten in extreme amounts to get the daily requirement.

Mitochondrial Cofactor

structurally related to vitamin E

Coffee IgG reactivity marker

Cold agglutinins are autoantibodies produced by a person’s immune system that mistakenly target red blood cells (RBCs). They cause RBCs to clump together when a person is exposed to cold temperatures and increase the likelihood that the affected RBCs will be destroyed by the body. This test detects and measures the amount of cold agglutinins in the blood. When the presence of cold agglutinins in a person’s blood leads to significant RBC destruction, it can cause hemolytic anemia and lead to a low RBC count and hemoglobin. This rare form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia is known as cold agglutinin disease. Cold agglutinin disease may be primary or secondary, induced by some other disease or condition. Primary cold agglutinin disease typically affects those who are middle age to elderly, and it tends to continue over time (chronic). Secondary cold agglutinin disease may affect anyone and may be acute or chronic, temporary or persistent. It may cause hemolytic anemia to a greater or lesser degree and is associated with a variety of conditions. The cold agglutinin test is not routinely ordered. It is a test that has been available for a long time, but it has become less commonly used as more specific tests for secondary causes, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, have become available.

a group of proteins found in the flesh and connective tissues

Metabolic gut bacterium

Collinsella aerofaciens is a group of bacteria found in the gut and also on the surface of the tongue.

Regular urine color ranges from clear to pale yellow. But certain things can change the color. Foods such as beets, blackberries and fava beans can turn urine pink or red, for example. And some medicines can give urine vivid tones, such as orange or greenish-blue. An unusual urine color also can be a sign of a health problem. For instance, some urinary tract infections can turn urine milky white. Kidney stones, some cancers and other diseases sometimes make urine look red due to blood. The regular color of urine varies. It depends on how much water you drink. Fluids dilute the yellow pigments in urine. So the more you drink, the clearer your urine looks. When you drink less, the yellow color becomes stronger. But urine can turn colors far beyond what's typical, including: - Red. - Blue. - Green. - Orange. - Dark brown. - Cloudy white.

Stool is normally brown because of pigments formed by bacteria acting on bile introduced into the digestive system from the liver. While certain conditions can cause changes in stool color, many changes are harmless and are caused by pigments in foods or dietary supplements.

Normal synovial fluid is clear and colorless or straw-colored

Non-dividing yeasts are generally considered non-pathogenic. However, some yeast species can act as opportunistic pathogens, causing infections in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV or AIDS. These opportunistic yeasts can pose significant health risks in such vulnerable populations. A notable example is Cryptococcus sp., a significant pathogen in immunocompromised individuals, causing a disease known as cryptococcosis. This disease affects approximately 79% of AIDS patients in the USA and around 36% in Western Europe. The cells of Cryptococcus are surrounded by a rigid polysaccharide capsule, which helps them evade recognition and engulfment by white blood cells, making them particularly challenging to combat. Commensal yeasts are commonly found in the mucous membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals. While usually non-pathogenic, these yeasts can sometimes become pathogenic. In such cases, the yeast cells develop hyphal outgrowths that penetrate the mucosal membrane, leading to irritation and tissue shedding. This transition from harmless to harmful highlights the opportunistic nature of some yeast species. For treatment, fluconazole is the recommended allopathic option. Herbal treatments include the Freedom, Cleanse, Restore protocol and Tanalbit, a zinc tannate compound. These alternative treatments provide additional options for managing yeast infections, particularly for those seeking non-conventional approaches. Prevention of yeast infections is crucial, especially given their potential to colonize the respiratory system or intestinal tract and become systemic. The best preventive measure is to avoid inhaling or ingesting objects or substances contaminated with yeast spores. This proactive approach can significantly reduce the risk of developing yeast infections.

Investigation of renal/joint/connective tissue disorders and their symptoms.

A pro-inflammatory mediator

C4 is the most second-most abundant of the 11 complement proteins (after C3)