Streptozymes (NADase, DNase, streptokinase, streptolysin O, and hyaluronidase) are extracellular products, or exoantigens, of the streptococcus bacteria.

S stercoralis has a complex lifecycle that begins with maturation to the infective filariform larva in warm, moist soil. The larvae subsequently penetrate exposed skin and migrate hematogenously to the lungs, from where they ascend the bronchial tree and are swallowed. Once in the small intestine, filariform larva matures into the adult worms that burrow into the mucosa. Gravid female worms produce eggs that develop into noninfectious rhabditiform larvae in the gastrointestinal tract and are eventually released in the stool. The time from dermal penetration to appearance of Strongyloides in stool samples is approximately 3 to 4 weeks.

Strongyloides spp refers to a genus of roundworms responsible for strongyloidiasis, a parasitic infection that can range from asymptomatic to severe, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This parasite primarily infects humans through skin contact with soil contaminated by infective larvae.

Once inside the body, the larvae migrate to the intestines, where they mature into adults and reproduce. The unique lifecycle of Strongyloides allows it to replicate within the host, potentially causing chronic infections that can last for decades. In mild cases, the infection may cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and rash at the site of entry. However, in immunocompromised patients or when the parasite load is high, it can lead to serious complications, including malabsorption, severe GI symptoms, and in rare cases, hyperinfection syndrome, which is potentially fatal. The detection of Strongyloides spp. in a GI panel is crucial for the timely initiation of appropriate antiparasitic treatment, typically involving medications to eradicate the infection and prevent complications. This marker's identification also underscores the importance of hygiene and sanitation measures in preventing soil-transmitted helminth infections.

Strongyloides infects the duodenum and jejunum, but its life cycle also includes migration through the lungs. Infection occurs when larvae
penetrate the skin of humans or are passed via the fecal-oral route. Strongyloidiasis is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics, including rural areas of the southern USA. More than half of infected persons are asymptomatic. Acute symptoms of strongyloidiasis may include epigastric pain and tenderness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and weight loss. Chronic infection may lead to glucose malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathy.

Strontium is found in fish, grains, leafy vegetables, dairy, soil, water, air, and isalso used in the manufacturingof televisions, fireworks, paints, glass, ceramics, fluorescent lights, medicines, magnets.

Vitamin D, calcium, and protein reduces the absorption of Strontium. It is eliminated mainly through urine.

Strontium is considered a trace mineral that is similar to calcium, accumulates in bone and is involved in bone metabolism. Stronitum promotes calcium uptake into the bone and has been used as a prescription drug in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Strontium incorporates into hydroxyl crystal lattice of bone, stimulates new cortical and cancellous bone formation, and decreases bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity. There are a number of stable isotopes of strontium, including 84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr, and 88Sr. Radioactive strontium, 90Sr, is a nuclear waste product and a human carcinogen. Serum strontium levels have been evaluated during therapy to establish GI absorption. Strontium has been shown to concentrate in hair with increased environmental exposure. Like calcium and magnesium, strontium is deposited in bone. Conversely, it is mobilized from bone when blood calcium levels fall. 

Strontium in a hair analysis can provide valuable information about an individual's body burden of strontium and its correlation with calcium levels in body tissues. Strontium levels in hair can be influenced by both endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) sources. Endogenous sources of strontium in hair originate from the body's strontium pools within blood and bones, while exogenous sources represent external environmental influences from aerosols, particulates, and environmental waters.

Strontium in a hair analysis can provide valuable information about an individual's body burden of strontium and its correlation with calcium levels in body tissues. Strontium levels in hair can be influenced by both endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) sources. Endogenous sources of strontium in hair originate from the body's strontium pools within blood and bones, while exogenous sources represent external environmental influences from aerosols, particulates, and environmental waters.

Struvite is the crystal name for stones that form only in the presence of urease-producing bacteria (eg, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium species, Ureaplasma urealyticum) in the upper urinary tract.

Other names for this crystal type include "triple phosphate" and magnesium ammonium phosphate carbonate apatite. Struvite is found in approximately 1 percent of stones and is much more common in females than in males (due to the higher risk of urinary tract infections in females). 

Suberate, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Suberate, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Suberate, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Suberic Acid, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Dietary fatty acids are metabolized into fuel sources using beta-oxidation. Fatty acid conversion into Acetyl-CoA requires transport across the mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle.80 When beta-oxidation is impaired, fats are metabolized using an alternate pathway called omega-oxidation. Omega-oxidation results in elevated levels of dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid and suberic acid. Impaired beta-oxidation occurs in carnitine deficiency or enzymatic dysfunction due to lack of nutrient cofactors. Vitamin B2 and magnesium play a role in optimizing beta-oxidation.

Suberic Acid, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.