Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.

A two-carbon group from Acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid through a cis-aconitic intermediate using the enzyme aconitase. Aconitase is an iron-sulfate protein that controls iron homeostasis.

Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells. 

- Diet has a significant impact on citric acid levels:

    » Increased acid load due to diets high in animal-based proteins, carbonated drinks, and in severe carbohydrate restriction can lead to mild metabolic acidosis, hypercalciuria, and reduced citric-acid excretion.

    » Plant-based diets are associated with increased citric acid. Alkalinization of urine through consumption of citrus foods, alkaline mineral water, fruits and vegetables, or citrate supplements (such as mag-citrate) increase citric acid levels.

- Low urine citric acid has been associated with insulin resistance, metabolic acidosis, bonedensity, hypokalemia, the development of kidney stones, kidney disease, and chronic kidney disease, and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis.

Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells. 

Citric acid helps prevent stone formation by binding calcium.

Citrate is a powerful force against calcium stones. It binds calcium in a soluble complex. It interferes with calcium crystal formation and growth. Low urine citrate is a risk factor for new stone onset. Above 400 mg daily there is no extra risk of stones in men or women, so ‘hypocitraturia’ means a urine citrate below 400 mg daily.

Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus.

Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin that can be detected in a urine test, and its presence often signifies potential exposure to this fungal toxin. Citrinin is primarily produced by various species of molds, particularly Penicillium and Aspergillus, commonly found in food products, such as grains, cereals, and fermented foods like cheese and soy sauce.

Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus.

Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater. Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri) can cause diarrheal disease.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum.

Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater.

Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri, can cause diarrheal disease.

Symptoms are the result of an E. coli-like heat-stable enterotoxin and hydrogen sulfide.

Citrobacter freundii complex has been implicated as a cause of gastrointestinal infection and inflammation, acute dysentery, and dyspepsia.

Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater.

Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri, can cause diarrheal disease.

Symptoms are the result of an E. coli-like heat-stable enterotoxin and hydrogen sulfide.

Citrobacter freundii complex has been implicated as a cause of gastrointestinal infection and inflammation, acute dysentery, and dyspepsia.

- Citrobacter are Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, facultatively anerobic bacilli.

- Citrobacter fall within the Enterobacteriaceae family.

- Citrobacter is considered a commensal bacteria; however, depending on the clinical picture, it is also known to be an opportunistic pathogen.

- Citrobacter species are found in water, soil, food, and commonly in the human intestinal tract.

- Citrobacter infections can also be nosocomial.

- Although considered a commensal, some Citrobacter isolates have virulent toxins, such as Shiga-like toxins, heat-stable toxins, and cholera B toxin B subunit homologs.

- Citrobacter is most often asymptomatic but can cause diarrhea.

Citrobacter species are opportunistic gram-negative bacteria that can inhabit the human gut. While often present in low amounts, elevated levels may be associated with gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and digestive symptoms.

Low levels of Citrobacter species are generally considered a normal finding and consistent with a balanced gut microbiome. At these levels, Citrobacter is unlikely to contribute to digestive symptoms or inflammation.

Citrobacter species are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family that can be part of the normal gut microbiome at low levels. Increases may reflect microbiome imbalance, reduced colonization resistance, or altered gut ecology.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity.

Autoimmune Association: Rheumatoid arthritis